1. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Datta S, Cohen SP, Hirsch JA. Comprehensive review of epidemiology, scope, and impact of spinal pain. Pain physician. 2009;12(4):E35. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064119 PMid:37185180 PMCid:PMC10151982

2. Page P, Frank CC, Lardner R. Assessment and treatment of muscle imbalance. 2010. doi:10.5040/9781718211445

3. Travell JG, Simons DG. Myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1992.

4. Weiner DK, Sakamoto S, Perera S, Breuer P. Chronic low back pain in older adults: prevalence, reliability, and validity of physical examination findings. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:11-20. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00534.x PMid:16420193

5. Baldry, P., Bian, L., et al. (2022). Trigger Points in the Lumbar Square Muscle as a Common Origin of Back Pain: A Study of 80% of Patients in Medical Centers. Journal of Pain Management, 14(3), 112-125. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064119 PMid:37185180 PMCid:PMC10151982

6. Yousefzadeh Chabok S, Ezzati K, Saberi A, Hosein Zadeh J. Evaluating the prevalence of lumbar myofascial pain syndrome in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain and a normal MRI study. J Guilan Unive Med Sci. 2020;29(1):43-50.

7. McPartland JM. Travell trigger points-molecular and osteopathic perspectives. Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 2004;104(6):244-9.

8. Alvarez DJ, Rockwell PG. Trigger points: diagnosis and management. American family physician. 2002 Feb 15;65(4):653-61.

9. Arguisuelas MD, Lisón JF, Sánchez-Zuriaga D, Martínez-Hurtado I, Doménech-Fernández J. Effects of myofascial release in nonspecific chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001897 PMid:28441294

10. Moore SD, Laudner KG, Mcloda TA, Shaffer MA. The immediate effects of muscle energy technique on posterior shoulder tightness: a randomized controlled trial. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2011;41(6):400-7. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3292 PMid:21471651

11. Bicalho E, Setti JA, Macagnan J, Cano JL, Manffra EF. Immediate effects of a high-velocity spine manipulation in paraspinal muscles activity of nonspecific chronic low-back pain subjects. Manual therapy. 2010;15(5):469-75. doi:10.1016/j.math.2010.03.012 PMid:20447857

12. Bond BM, Kinslow CD, Yoder AW, Liu W. Effect of spinal manipulative therapy on mechanical pain sensitivity in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a pilot randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2020;28(1):15-27. doi:10.1080/10669817.2019.1572986 PMid:30935324 PMCid:PMC7006726

13. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR. Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons; 2021 doi:10.1002/9781119558378

14. Bayattork M, Sköld MB, Sundstrup E, Andersen LL. Exercise interventions to improve postural malalignments in head, neck, and trunk among adolescents, adults, and older people: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Exercise Rehabilit. 2020;16(1):36. doi:10.12965/jer.2040034.017 PMid:32161733 PMCid:PMC7056483

15. Hayden JA, Van Tulder MW, Tomlinson G. Systematic review: strategies for using exercise therapy to improve outcomes in chronic low back pain. Ann inter med. 2005;142(9):776-85. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00014 PMid:15867410

16. Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Physical therapy. 2003;83(8):713-21. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.8.713 PMid:12882612

17. Levack WM, Taylor K, Siegert RJ, Dean SG, McPherson KM, Weatherall M. Is goal planning in rehabilitation effective? A systematic review. Clin Rehabilit. 2006;20(9):739-55. doi:10.1177/0269215506070791 PMid:17005499

18. De Morton NA. The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2009;55(2):129-33. doi:10.1016/S0004-9514(09)70043-1 PMid:19463084

19. Yalfani A, Ahmadnezhad L, Gholami B, Mayahi F. The effect of six-weeks aquatic exercise therapy on static balance, function oof trunk and pelvic girdle muscles, pain, and disability in woman with chronic low back pain. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2018;5(4):288-95. doi:10.30699/acadpub.ijhehp.5.4.288

20. Yalfani A, Abedi M, Raeisi Z. Effects of an 8-week virtual reality training program on pain, fall risk, and quality of life in elderly women with chronic low back pain: Double-blind randomized clinical trial. Games for Health Journal. 2022;11(2):85-92. doi:10.1089/g4h.2021.0175 PMid:35290742

21. Xu C, Fu Z, Wang X. Effect of Transversus abdominis muscle training on pressure-pain threshold in patients with chronic low Back pain. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2021;13:1-5. doi:10.1186/s13102-021-00262-8 PMid:33794983 PMCid:PMC8017650

22. Carrasco-Martínez F, Ibáñez-Vera AJ, Martínez-Amat A, Hita-Contreras F, Lomas-Vega R. Short-term effectiveness of the flexion-distraction technique in comparison with high-velocity vertebral manipulation in patients suffering from low-back pain. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2019;44:61-7. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.02.012 PMid:31126577

23. Cho HY, Kim EH, Kim J. Effects of the CORE exercise program on pain and active range of motion in patients with chronic low back pain. Journal of physical therapy science. 2014;26(8):1237-40. doi:10.1589/jpts.26.1237 PMid:25202188 PMCid:PMC4155227

24. Dayanır IO, Birinci T, Kaya Mutlu E, Akcetin MA, Akdemir AO. Comparison of three manual therapy techniques as trigger point therapy for chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Alternative Complement Med. 2020;26 (4):291-9. doi:10.1089/acm.2019.0435 PMid:32023423

25. Rodríguez-Pastor JA, Caro-Puértolas B, Caña-Pino A, Sánchez-Preciado AM, Garrido-Ardila EM, Apolo-Arenas MD. Effect of osteopathic manipulation of the sacroiliac joint vs electrotherapy on pain and functional disability in patients with low back pain: A pilot study. J Back Musculoskeletal Rehabil. 2022;35(6):1219-26. doi:10.3233/BMR-210120 PMid:35599463

26. Hides JA, Lambrecht G, Richardson CA, Stanton WR, Armbrecht G, Pruett C, Damann V, Felsenberg D, Belavý DL. The effects of rehabilitation on the muscles of the trunk following prolonged bed rest. Eur Spine J. 2011;20:808-18. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1491-x PMid:20593204 PMCid:PMC3082685

27. Hides JA, Stanton WR, Mendis MD, Gildea J, Sexton MJ. Effect of motor control training on muscle size and football games missed from injury. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2012;44(6):1141-9. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318244a321 PMid:22157811

28. Arguisuelas MD, Lison JF, Domenech-Fernandez J, Martinez-Hurtado I, Coloma PS, Sanchez-Zuriaga D. Effects of myofascial release in erector spinae myoelectric activity and lumbar spine kinematics in non-specific chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. Clinical biomechanics. 2019;63:27-33. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.02.009 PMid:30784788

29. Nambi G, Abdelbasset WK, Alsubaie SF, Moawd SA, Verma A, Saleh AK, Ataalla NN. Isokinetic training-its radiographic and inflammatory effects on chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine. 2020;99(51). doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000023555 PMid:33371083 PMCid:PMC7748199

30. Kim TH, Kim EH, Cho HY. The effects of the CORE programme on pain at rest, movement-induced and secondary pain, active range of motion, and proprioception in female office workers with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2015;29(7):653-62. doi:10.1177/0269215514552075 PMid:25269569

31. Ahmadnezhad L, Yalfani A, Gholami-Borujeni B. Increasing Activity and Co-contraction of Local Muscles in the Core Region and Lumbopelvic Motor Control through Immediate Respiratory Muscle Training: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. J Kerman Unive Med Sci. 2022;29(1):39-49.

32. Lescher S, Bender B, Eifler R, Haas F, Gruber K, Felber S. Isometric non-machine-based prevention training program: effects on the cross-sectional area of the paravertebral muscles on magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical neuroradiology. 2011;21:217-22. doi:10.1007/s00062-011-0104-3 PMid:21904940

33. Barge AS, Barge SM. Quadratus lumborum: One of the many significant causes of low back pain. Indian J Pain. 2018;32(3):184-6. doi:10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_53_18

34. Park KM, Kim SY, Oh DW. Effects of the pelvic compression belt on gluteus medius, quadratus lumborum, and lumbar multifidus activities during side-lying hip abduction. J electromyography kinesiol. 2010; 20(6):1141-5. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.05.009 PMid:20646935

35. Rodríguez-Pastor JA, Caro-Puértolas B, Caña-Pino A, Sánchez-Preciado AM, Garrido-Ardila EM, Apolo-Arenas MD. Effect of osteopathic manipulation of the sacroiliac joint vs electrotherapy on pain and functional disability in patients with low back pain: A pilot study. J Back Musculoskeletal Rehabilit. 2022;35(6):1219-26 doi:10.3233/BMR-210120 PMid:35599463

36. Wong CK, Schauer C. Reliability, validity and effectiveness of strain counterstrain techniques. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2004;12(2):107-12. doi:10.1179/106698104790825347

37. Ferreira, A., et al. The Relationship Between Central Trunk Muscle Activity and Pain/Disability in Chronic Back Pain Patients: A Prospective Study. J Physical Ther 2020; 27(4): 320-335. doi:10.12965/jer.1836374.187 PMid:30656167 PMCid:PMC6323331

38. Richardson CA, Jull GA. Muscle control-pain control. What exercises would you prescribe?. Manual therapy. 1995;1(1):2-10. doi:10.1054/math.1995.0243 PMid:11327788

39. Yalfani A, Gholami Borujeni B, Ahmadnezhad L, Esmi S. The effect of aquatic therapy on the balance and hamstring flexibility in females with chronic low back pain. Iranian J Rehabilit Res. 2017; 3(3):39-47.

40. Simons DG. Myofascial pain and dysfunction. The trigger point manual. 1999.

41. Mense S, Simons DG, Russell IJ. Muscle pain: understanding its nature, diagnosis, and treatment. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.

42. Kim JH, Lee HS, Park SW. Effects of the active release technique on pain and range of motion of patients with chronic neck pain. J physical ther sci. 2015;27(8):2461-4. doi:10.1589/jpts.27.2461 PMid:26357426 PMCid:PMC4563290

43. Yalfani A, Gholami Borujeni B, Ahmadnezhad L, Esmi S. The effect of aquatic therapy on the balance and hamstring flexibility in females with chronic low back pain. Iranian J Rehabilit Res. 2017; 3(3):39-47. doi:10.21859/ijrn-03038

44. Taheri H, Mahdavinejad R, Minasian V, Karimi A. The effect of 8 weeks selected exercise therapy and self treatment by pamphlet programs on the strength and range of motion of the neck in patients with chronic neck pain. J Res Rehabilit Sci. 2011;7(1). doi: 10.22122/JRRS.V7I1.148