1. Sadeghi-Moghaddam P, Arjmandnia MH, Heidari A, Mohagheghi-Kamal SM, Aghaali M. Comparison of therapeutic effects and side effects of oral ibuprofen and indomethacin on the closure of patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2017;19(9):7-12.

2. Huang HW, Lin C, Hsu KH, Hsu SY, Mok TY, Wu IH, et al. Protective factors against preterm infants to develop significant patent ductus arteriosus. Pediatr Neonatol. 2021;62(4):379-86. doi.10.1016/j.pedneo.2021.03.014 PMid:33931344

3. Beheshtifard M, Alinejad S, Habibi D, Ghandi Y. Evaluation the Effectiveness of Ibuprofen in Improving Patent Ductus Arteriosus. J Arak Univ Med Sci. 2021;24(4):528-37. doi.10.32598/jams.24.4.6229.2

4. Vettukattil J. Pathophysiology of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in the Preterm Infant. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2016; 12(2):120-2. doi.10.2174/157339631202160506002215 PMid:27197953

5. Su BH, Lin HY, Chiu HY, Tsai ML, Chen YT, Lu IC. Therapeutic strategy of patent ductus arteriosus in extremely preterm infants. Pediatr Neonatol. 2020;61(2):133-41. doi.10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.10.002 PMid:31740267

6. Sung SI, Chang YS, Kim J, Choi JH, Ahn SY, Park WS. Natural evolution of ductus arteriosus with noninterventional conservative management in extremely preterm infants born at 23-28 weeks of gestation. PLoS One. 2019;14(2). doi.10.1371/journal.pone.0212256 PMid:30759169 PMCid:PMC6374019

7. Gupta S, Subhedar NV, Bell JL, Field D, Bowler U, Hutchison E, et al. Trial of Selective Early Treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus with Ibuprofen. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(4):314-25. doi.10.1056/NEJMoa2305582 PMid:38265644 PMCid:PMC7615774

8. Gillam-Krakauer M, Hagadorn JI, Reese J. Pharmacological closure of the patent ductus arteriosus: when treatment still makes sense. J Perinatol. 2019;39(11):1439-41. doi.10.1038/s41372-019-0518-3 PMid:31591487 PMCid:PMC7055580

9. Weber SC, Weiss K, Bührer C, Hansmann G, Koehne P, Sallmon H. Natural History of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Very Low Birth Weight Infants after Discharge. J Pediatr. 2015;167(5):1149-51. doi.10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.06.032 PMid:26239928

10. Noori S, McCoy M, Friedlich P, Bright B, Gottipati V, Seri I, et al. Failure of ductus arteriosus closure is associated with increased mortality in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1). doi.10.1542/peds.2008-2418 PMid:19117835

11. Ambalavanan N, Aucott SW, Salavitabar A, Levy VY. Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants. Pediatrics. 2025;155(5). doi.10.1542/peds.2025-071425 PMid:40288780

12. Choi EK, Shin SH, Hwang SY, Kim H, Kim HR. Impact of patent ductus arteriosus treatment on neonatal outcomes in preterm infants with or without perinatal acidosis: a nationwide cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 2025;25(1):920. doi.10.1186/s12887-025-06200-8 PMid:41214586 PMCid:PMC12604157

13. Kikuchi N, Goto T, Katsumata N, Murakami Y, Shinohara T, Maebayashi Y, et al. Correlation between the Closure Time of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants and Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2024;11:26. doi.10.3390/jcdd11010026 PMid:38248896 PMCid:PMC10816731

14. Wu MH, Chen HC, Lu CW, Wang JK, Huang SC, Huang SK. Prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease at Live Birth in Taiwan. J Pediatr. 2010; 156(5):782-5. doi.10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.11.062 PMid:20138303

15. Pan F, Li J, Lou H, Li J, Jin Y, Wu T, et al. Geographical and Socioeconomic Factors Influence the Birth Prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease: A Population-based Cross-sectional Study in Eastern China. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2022;47(11). doi.10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101341PMid:35921873

16. Park J, Yoon SJ, Han J, Song IG, Lim J, Shin JE, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus treatment trends and associated morbidities in neonates. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1). doi.10.1038/s41598-021-89868-z PMid:34021202 PMCid:PMC8139968

17. Prefumo F, Presti F, Thilaganathan B, Carvalho JS. Association between increased nuchal translucency and second trimester cardiac echogenic foci. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101(5):899-904. doi.10.1016/S0029-7844(02)03128-9 PMid:12738147

18. Zhao QM, Ma XJ, Jia B, Huang GY. Prevalence of congenital heart disease at live birth: An accurate assessment by echocardiographic screening. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102(4):397-402. doi.10.1111/apa.12170 PMid:23350618

19. Tripathi A, Black GB, Park YMM, Jerrell JM. Prevalence and management of patent ductus arteriosus in a pediatric medicaid cohort. Clin Cardiol. 2013;36(9):502-6.doi.10.1002/clc.22150 PMid:23720302 PMCid:PMC6649434

20. Pourarian S, Sharma D, Farahbakhsh N, Cheriki S, Bijanzadeh F. To evaluate the prevalence of symptomatic and non-symptomatic ductus arteriosus and accuracy of physical signs in diagnosing PDA in preterm infants using blinded comparison of clinical and echocardiographic findings during the first week of life: a prospective observational study from Iran. J Matern Neonatal Med. 2017;30(14):1666-70. doi.10.1080/14767058.2016.1220532 PMid:27494450

21. Movahedian AH, Noorbakhsh SEA, Mosaiebi Z, Mazoochi T, Moosavi SGA. Prevalence of congenital heart disorders in neonates hospitalized in Shahid Beheshti Hospital during the years 1996-2000. Feyz Med Sci J. 2001;5(2):76-80.

22. Gouran MJ, Hooshmandi S, Rahimi Pordanjani S. Examining the Prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Pregnant Women with Fetal Echogenic Foci Referred to Amir Al-Momenin Hospital in Semnan from September 2022 to September 2023. J Arak Univ Med Sci. 2025;28(3):183-90. doi.10.61882/jams.28.3.183