Background: Based on the absence of previous case report of bone marrow aplasia following vaccination against measles and rubella, the observation of one case is hereby reported.

Case presentation: The patient was a 9-year-old boy, from one of the rural areas of Zanjan province, who was vaccinated against measles and rubella during the National Program for MR Vaccination. The patient was hospitalized due to skin rash after 10 days. Laboratory studies indicated the decrease of all cellular rows in CBC and aplasia of bone marrow in all cellular precursors. There was no similar case in the patient's family and no history of contact with known risk factors related to bone marrow apalsia has been recorded. The patient undertook coma owing to cerebral hemorrhage and finally died after 3.5 months.

Conclusion: The occurrence of bone marrow aplasia is taken into consideration following vaccination against measles and rubella. Similar case reporting and etiologic assessment is recommended.