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History and Objectives: Hodgkin's disease is a disorder of lymphoid tissues and is the most common malignancies among adults. Since infection is a causative factor, this study was carried out on two patients from a family in Shaheed Beheshti hospital in Kashan in 1999. The first patient was an 18-year man with chest pain, respiratory distress, weakness, weight loss and nightly perspiration and the second patient was his 12-yerar sister with weakness, weight loss and respiratory distress. The definite diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease was done according to biopsy.

Conclusion and Recommendations: There was much evidence for infection and genetic history as causative factors. Therefore, appropriate measures should be taken to avoid contacts between individuals and to prevent the development of the disorder.

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Background: Evaluating the process of child’s growth monitoring is of utmost importance to detect malnourishment. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the trend of infant growth from birth to 2 years in the rural community of Babol and compare this with NCHS.

Materials and methods: This exiting data type study was conducted on monitoring growth system in Babol rural communities, which were covered by health centers. 429 children with their birth between 1994 to 1996 were selected through a cluster sampling technique. The percentiles of height and weight were calculated and compared with NCHS standard.

Results: Results have revealed that the weight of 67.5% of infants was between 50^th and 97^th NCHS standard at 1 month. This figure was reduced by increasing the age to 45.2% at 6 month, 42.6% at 12 month and 44.2% at 24 month. Girls’ growth profile showed a 5-20% reduction as compared to boys. Results also showed that the reduction of height in comparison with standard, was began at age 1 to 3 month. The 50^th percentile of height was close to the NCHS, but after 3 month it deviates from NCHS. A significant difference was observed between 50^th percentiles of height and weight with NCHS (p< 0.05).

Conclusion: The results indicated that Iranian infants’ growth can not be evaluated with NCHS standard. It is necessary to provide national and local charts of the growth for Iranian children.

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Background: With respect to the prevalence of short-interval pregnancy in our country and also lack of information data in Kashan, the present study was conducted in Kashan to determine the prevalence of short-interval pregnancy and also its association with birth height and weight.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was carried out to determine the prevalence of short-interval pregnancy whereas a historical cohort study was performed of determine its association with birth height and weight. Our case group consisted of two groups: 150 mothers with interval of less than 15 months and 90 mothers with interval of less than 12 months, between their pregnancies. 150 mothers with adequate interval between pregnancies were Surveyed in cone and control groups and analyzed by t-test. Relative and absolute risks of short-interval pregnancies were determined for birth weight of less 3000gr and birth height of less 49cm.

Results: Of 2300 mothers, 216 (94%) had short-interval pregnancy. Results have revealed that there is no association between interval of less than 15 mothers and birth height and weight, however of less than 12 months and birth height and weight. The mean (±SD) of birth weight was 3356±443 and 3237±430 gr in the control and case group (Interval <12 months), respectively (P<0.05). Meanwhile, their birth height was 50.4±2 and 49.7±1.8 cm, respectively. The RR of weight <3000gr was 105 and for height <49 was 2.1. The AR for these values were 0.5% and 16.5%, respectively (P<0.05%).

Conclusion: Pregnancy with interval of less than 12 months is associated with lower birth and weight. Further studies are highly suggested.

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Background : Infant mortality rate is one of the most important health index in societies for which low birth weight plays the most important role. The present study was carried out in Qom province to determine this index and its related factors.

Materials and methods : For this cross sectional study 1927 newborns were selected from different private and public delivery units. A questionnaire was completed and infant’s mothers were interviewed and pediatricians examined Infants. Finally, those LBW newborns were entered for analysis.

Results : Of 1927 newborns, 11.8% weighed under 2500 grams, of these 47% had mothers aged less than 18 years and 10% had mothers aged more than 35 years. 51% of these infants were female. There was a significant correlation between previous history of abortion and LBW infant delivery, however, we could not find any association between maternal occupation and level of education with LBW infants.

Conclusion : The high prevalence of LBW infants in Qom province is noticeable. Further studies are strongly recommended.

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Background: Accurate estimated fetal weight (EFW) has importance in the management of labor and delivery. Estimated fetal weight was done in two sonographic and clinical ways (Palpation of abdomen). Many studies have been conducted for comparing clinical and sonographic EFW. With regard to contraindications and absence of studies in this area, this research was conducted on women admitted due to termination of pregnancy in Shabih Khani Maternity Hospital in 1383

Materials and Methods: This research as a cross-sectional study was done on 100 women with gestational 37/42-week ages admitted for termination of pregnancy. Excluded criteria consists of premature rupture of membrane, placenta abruption- placenta previa , preeclampsia, fetal abnormality , amniotic fluid disorder Clinical estimation in labor was performed by senior resident or obstetrician and sonographic estimation was performed by sonographists. The actual birth weight was determined by electronic scales and recorded in the chart immediately after delivery. Accuracy of birth weight estimation was determined by calculating the percentage error, and the proportion of estimates within 10% of the actual birth weight. Then processing of information performed by chi-square, fisher exact test and relative risk was determined

Results : study on 100 pregnant woman showed mean age was 22.5 ± 4.5 and mean gestational age was . 39.2 ± 0.9 and mean birth weight was 3513 ± 370.3 .Birth weight in %10 of new born was less than 3000 gr and %12 of birth weight was more than 4000 gr . In total pregnant women clinical estimation in (83 women) 83% and sonographic estimation in (67 women) 67% was acceptable in which statically were important (P= 0.009).In birth weight less than 3000 gr sonographic estimate better than clinical estimate p<0, 03

Conclusion: regarding that most of fetus is reneged between 3000-4000 gr. accuracy of clinical estimation is often more than sonographic estimation so that we can perform EFW by simple weight and without cost. But in cases such as low birth weight that sonographic estimation of weight as direct diagnosis are defined and in obese women due to difficulty of clinical estimation , we suggest sonographic estimation to use.

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Background: Low birth weight (LBW) infants need complementary interventions (e.g. deep massage) to promote their growth and development. The present study was done to determine the effect of deep massage on weight gain in LBW infants.

Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was carried out on LBW infants (No=70) in NICU wards of Isfahan province using convenient sampling method during a 6-month period. All participants were divided into two groups randomly (27 in each group). The group receiving deep massage intervention was compared to the control group receiving only routine care. The criteria included in this study were: birth weight <2500g, age<18days, breast-feeding and the Iranian race. The exclusion criteria were: history of congenital diseases, NPO/TPN, respiratory distress, sepsis and, blood exchange during study, mother addiction and lack of adherence to study. The data were collected through observations, interviews and measurements using weight specific scales. All measurements were taken before and after completion of the study with the same equipment and by the same person double-blinded. Each infant in the treatment group received deep massage of three 15-minute periods for 10 days. Paired t-test and unpaired t-test were applied to analyze the data.

Results: Weight gain in the intervention group (mean=210.92g) was significantly (P=0.006) higher than that in the control group (mean=81.11).

 Conclusion: As deep massage enhances weight gain in LBW infants, it is recommended to be considered as a complementary intervention to promote their growth and development. 

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Background: Previous studies on the relationship between birth weight and childhood asthma have shown controversial results some studies refer to high birth weight and some to low birth weight as a risk factor for asthma. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of abnormal birth weight among the asthmatic children.

Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 400 asthmatic patients (age range, 5-15 years) referred to Kashan asthma and allergy clinic during 2007-2008 were allocated in to four groups based on birth weight.

Results: Sixty-two percent of asthmatic children had an optimal birth weight, 32.5% high weight, 1% very low weight and 4% low weight. In gender-based study of these children, 0.4% of boys had very low weight, 2.3% low weight, 63.7% optimal weight and 33.6% high weight among girls 1.7% very low weight, 6.2% low weight, 61% optimal weight and 31.1% high weight.

Conclusion: According to the results of the study, high birth weight is associated with asthma and among the children with abnormal birth weight, high birth weight has greater prevalence with similar results for both genders.

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Background: Recent studies on cardiovascular risk factors have been focused on the new markers of inflammatory diseases such as C-reactive protein (CRP). This study aimed to examine the effect of aerobic activities such as running on CRP level in overweight female students.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 26 moderately obese female students (mean body weight 82.5±5.6 kg, height 166±6.4cm, age 21.2±2.1 years and BMI ≥ 28.4 kg/m2) were selected purposefully. Participants were divided into the experimental and control groups. Training program which was performed in two sessions per week for eight consecutive weeks was consisted of incremental aerobic exercise with determined heart rate monitored by a polar watch. Post-test blood sample and anthropometric measures were repeated 48 hours after the last training session similar to the pretest conditions.

Results: Results indicated that 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training had a significant effect on decreasing the CRP level in obese girls (P=0.0001). Moreover, a significant difference was seen between the control and experimental groups in mean CPR values (P=0.047), while no significant difference was seen between the pre and post tests in the control group (P=0.28).

Conclusion: Considering the strong association between the inflammatory indices and the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, every factor that decreases these indices can reduce the cardiovascular complications.

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Background: The congenital hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine diseases, which can affect the growth of the children. This study aimed to compare the growth patterns among the children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and healthy children in Yazd, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study was performed on all neonatal children with CH, who had been born since 2006 to 2008. The average height, weight and head circumference along with the ratio of variations of these variables were measured and compared in the children with CH and healthy children during the first 5 years of life after considering their age and gender.
Results: Results showed no significant difference in the average height, weight and head circumference between the girls with CH and the healthy ones. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the average height of boys at the age of 3 to 24 months, the average weight at the age of 6 to 18 months and the average head circumference at the age of 12 to 18 months compared with the values of healthy children in this city. At the end of a 5-year follow-up, no significant difference was observed in the growth disorder ratio for weight, height and head circumference between both the healthy children and patients in both genders.
Conclusion: After treatment and care for these patients, the growth patterns of these children would be within the normal and desirable range.

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Background: Currently, due to the high prevalence of overweight, obesity and modernization of life, walking on a treadmill is welcomed instead of walking on the ground. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of treadmill and ground walking, on maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max), body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage among inactive overweight women.

Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 30 healthy, inactive, and overweight women volunteered to take part in this study. After performing a pre-test, the participants were randomly allocated into three equal groups (n=10): walking on a treadmill, walking on the ground, and control. The walking training program was performed three sessions per week for eight weeks with 60% to 85% of heart rate reserve. Before and after eight weeks, the VO_2max was assessed by the Queen’s step test, BMI by dividing weight (kg) by the square of height and the body fat percentage was determined by measuring subcutaneous fat in three points with Skinfold calipers.

Results: The results showed a significant decrease in BMI in the two groups of walking on the treadmill and ground. Moreover, there was a significant difference in VO_2max among the three groups. However, there was no significant difference in BMI and body fat percentage among the three groups.

Conclusion: Since walking on the ground can improve VO_2max, it can be more helpful to prevent obesity than walking on a treadmill.

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Background: Previous studies on the relation between birth weight and childhood asthma have had conflicting results. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of birth weight on asthma during the first three years of life.

Materials and Methods: This cohort study was performed on 240 neonates in Kashan city between 2009 and 2013(during a period of four years). Subjects were allocated into two groups of low and normal birth weight and were then observed for having asthma over the next three years. Child’s asthma was evaluated by physical examination and, if possible, by using a peak flow meter.

Results: A total of 80 underweight and 134 normal weight children participated in this study. Twenty-one percent of children with low birth weight and 10.4% of children with normal birth weight were affected by asthma (P=0.03). The mean age of developing asthma was 21.53±7.66 months in the low birth weight group and 27.43±6.54 months in the normal weight group (P=0.03). After adjusting for the effect of confounding variables, a significant relationship was found between birth weight and developing asthma (P=0.04).

Conclusion: The results of the present study reveal that low birth weight can be an independent risk factor for developing asthma during the first three years of life.

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Background: Adipolin (CTRP12) is a novel anti-inflammatory adipocytokine secreted from adipose tissue, which improves insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic training on serum adipolin levels and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in overweight men.

Materials and Methods: In this semi experimental study, which was conducted in one of the sport complexes of Khorramabad in spring 2014, 26 sedentary overweight men (body mass index (BMI)>25 Kg/m2, age range 35-50 years) were selected and randomly allocated into the experimental (n=13) and control (n=13) groups. Subjects in the experimental group participated in 10 weeks of aerobic training at 50%-70% of the maximal heart rate, 30-45 minutes per session and three sessions per week. Levels of adipolin, insulin and fasting glucose and anthropometric indices were measured before and 72 hours after the last training session.

Results: Serum levels of adipolin, insulin, fasting glucose and HOMA-IR did not significantly change following 10 weeks of aerobic training (P>0.05). However, weight (P=0.001), BMI (P=0.001) and fat percentage (P=0.001) were decreased significantly. Furthermore, changes in adipolin levels following 10 weeks of aerobic training were significantly correlated with changes in BMI (P=0.028, r=0.606).

Conclusion: A 10-week aerobic training program has no effects on serum levels of adipolin in sedentary overweight men and these findings are in accordance to insulin resistance changes.

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Background: Exercise seems to be effective on factors associated with diseases such as obesity, diabetes or cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval and continuous training on GDF15 and IL6 in overweight men.
Materials and Methods: The present study is a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. For this purpose, 36 overweight young people in Ahar were selected as a sample and randomly divided into Intense Intensity Exercise (HIIT), Continuous Exercise (MICT) and Control. The training protocol was performed three days a week for eight weeks. 48 hours before the first training session, blood samples were taken from 5 cc of the brachial artery to assess the levels of GDF15 and interleukin 6 by ELISA. The post-test was repeated exactly with the pre-test conditions. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software version 20 using analysis of covariance.
Results: The results showed that the mean of IL6 was significantly different between the groups (P = 0.029) so that the mean of IL-6 in the control group was significantly higher than the other two groups and in the HIIT group was significantly higher than the MICT group. Another result is the lack of significant difference in mean GDF15 between the three groups.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that performing HIIT and MICT exercises can improve the cardiovascular status of overweight people by changing the factors affecting cardiovascular conditions such as GDF-15 and IL-6. There is no difference in the use of the two exercises, also.

 

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Background: The present research aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal based and mindfulness-based interventions in modulating food craving, binge eating and losing weight in overweight women.
Materials and Methods: The current study was a quasi-experimental with a pre-and post-test design, with the control group that was performed in three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). Forty-five overweight and obese women were selected by convenient sampling. Two Experimental groups received treatment based on mindfulness-based eating awareness training (MB-EAT) and cognitive reappraisal intervention. Subjects completed food craving scale-trait (FCQ-T), and binge eating scale (BES) before and after ending of treatment/waiting. Data was analyzed using covariance analysis.
Results: Results indicated that Mindfulness-based intervention led to significant decrease of Food craving and binge eating (P<0.01); While there was no significant difference between cognitive reappraisal and control groups (P>0.05). Also, Mindfulness-based led to significant decrease of weight loss (P<0.01); While there was no significant difference between cognitive reappraisal and control groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that mindfulness-based could be an effective and permanent treatment for weight loss and modulating food craving and binge eating by increasing self-regulation capacity, cultivating awareness of internal and external cues and decreasing automatic behaviors.
 

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Background: Regular exercise prevents type 2 diabetes and improves the health status of individuals with type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity. This review study aimed to investigate the effect of different exercise training on insulin sensitivity.
Materials and Methods: To access the scientific researchers, the keywords insulin, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, diabetes, exercise training, exercise, resistance training, aerobic training, and HIIT were searched on PubMed, SID, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. One hundred thirteen articles were found in the initial search of which 17 duplicate articles were removed. Then, 72 unrelated articles from the scope of the review were removed, and finally, the present study was conducted by reviewing 24 articles.
Results: Studies show that different types of exercise increase insulin sensitivity, and some studies have shown that insulin sensitivity will increase even without weight loss.
Conclusion: The present review identifies that aerobic, resistance, HIIT, and combined exercises (of any intensity, duration, and type) lead to increased insulin sensitivity in individuals of any age, gender, BMI, healthy, or with type 2 diabetes or other diseases.

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