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Background: Bacterial corneal ulcer is a common ophthalmic problem. Still controversies are exist for the treatment of bacterial corneal ulcer, thus, the present study was carried out in Namazi hospital in Shiraz to determine the efficacy and side effects of ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3% and compare this with fortified cephazolin-gentamicin.

Materials and Methods: It was a clinical trial. Having the physical examination and patient’s history completed, two samples were obtained for culture and smear. Patients were randomly distributed in two groups. One received the standard protocol (Cephazolin 5% and gentamicin 9% ophthalmic solutions) and the other was given ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3%. Efficacy was evaluated according to the days of treatment and side effects were surveyed by eye burning and white deposit.

Results: Of 45 cases, 6 were excluded due to the altered regimen. Of 39 studied cases, 20 received ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3% and the remaining 19 were given standard regimen. Success rate was 90% and 89.5% for the ciprofloxacin and standard regimen, respectively (NS). Eye burning was reported 5% and 36.8%, respectively meanwhile, white deposits were reported in 36.8% of patients who have received standard regimen (P<0.02). Of cultured bacteria, one had shown intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin, however, resistance was noted to cephalexin and gentamicin.

Conclusion: Ciprofloxacin can be a suitable alternative for fortified cephazolin-gentamicin sine it has better outcome and less side effects. Further studies are highly recommended.

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Background: Lactic acid bacteria serve as the starter of food fermentation. They improve food taste and inhibit the growth of organisms. Bacteriocin is a major natural inhibitor produced by Lactobacillus plantarum.

Materials and Methods: For this exploratory study, we have purchased some hotdog and sausage made by different factories. Having one gram of sausage or hotdog in physiologic serum, it was diluted and cultured in MRS media. Bacteria growth was surveyed in different PH, temperature and media.

Results: Of 15 samples, Lactobacillus plantarum was isolated in 4. Its optimal condition was as below: Temperature 25 degrees centigrade, pH=4.8-6.4 and basic MRS media with glucose 2%. Its antimicrobial activity was reserved in 100 degrees centigrade for 10 minutes and has not modified by alpha amylase or lysosomes. At 25 degrees centigrade, they had maximum inhibitory effect on staphylococcus (20ml) and listeria (14ml).

Conclusion: The stability of Lactobacillus plantarum’s antimicrobial activity against high temperature is of utmost importance since during food processing we require high temperature. We suggest the usage of suitable starter media to produce strong antimicrobial agents in fermentative foods. Employing genetic changes may be helpful to produce Lactobacilli with potentially greater bacteriocin production

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Background : Leukorrhea is a common cause of physician's visit during the fertility period. Unfortunately, sufficient data regarding the microbial causes are lack and diagnosis is made based on macroscopic appearance. The present study was aimed to survey the bacterial causes of leucorrhea and drug resistance in Shabih Khani hospital in Kashan.

Materials and Methods : 301 patients with leukorrhea had referred for this descriptive study. In case of any complaint regarding the excess vaginal discharge, sampling and culturing was performed. Then, drug resistance was conducted. Finally, data were analyzed.

Results: 301 patients aged 25-30 years were studied. Frequent symptoms were itching (47.5%), pain and tenderness. Cultures were revealed to be negative in 61.1%. Of 38.9% positive cultures, enterococcus (12.6%), and mixed bacteria were the most common findings. 75% had claimed to have the vaginal discharge for months and 25% had received no treatment, among those who have been on therapy, local ointments were the most common therapeutic facility. Drug resistance has shown a different profile, where no simple drug could provide a high level of sensitivity. 37% of patients had negative paraclinical studies (physiologic leukorrhea).

Conclusion : 30% had physiologic leukorrhea that did not require any further therapy. Bacterial leukorrhea is a common problem. We suggest antibiogram for all patients with leukorrhea.

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Background: Bacterial vaginosis is one of the most common infection disorders affecting women. Several types of antibiotics have been used to treat this condition, although metronidazole was found to be the most effective one, none was completely successful in either cure or prevention. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of oral clindamycin and oral metronidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis.

Material and methods : Sixty women aged 16 years or older in whom bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed by standard criteria such as Amsel’s and gram’s stain criteria were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind study to receive either oral clindamycin (300mg twice daily for 7 days) or oral metronidazole (500mg twice daily for 7 days). Women with coexisting vulvovaginal candidiasis or vaginal trichomoniasis were excluded. Tests were repeated at 7^th and 14^th day following the therapy. Vaginal symptoms, complications, and drug side effects were all recorded.

Result : We have not found any statistically significant difference in cure rates for oral clindamycin (93.3%) and oral metronidazole (86.6%). Adverse reactions were mild in both groups. Four patients who have received clindamycin developed non-bloody diarrhea and 4 patients who were given metronidazole developed symptomatic candida vaginosis.

Conclusion : Clindamycin may be a safe and effective alternative to metronidazole to treat women with bacterial vaginosis.

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Background: With respect to the importance of microbial organisms as the cause of gastroenteritis, prompt diagnosis, proper treatment and follow up is of utmost importance. The present study was conducted on patients referring to Kashan Central Lab with the diagnosis of gastroenteritis to determine the frequency of protozoal and bacterial microorganisms.

Materials and methods : For this descriptive study, 500 consecutive cases of gastroenteritis were enrolled. Initial data were gathered and 3 separate stool samples (with 3-day interval) were obtained and examined by direct observation and ether-formalin method to detect possible microorganisms. Meanwhile, specific media and cultures were used.

Results : Of 500 cases, 50 were excluded due to weak cooperation. Of the remaining, the infection rate of protozoal, bacterial and other microorganisms were 50.9%, 13.5%, and 35.6%, respectively. Among protozoa, giardia was the most common (21.8%), however among bacteria, shigella was more frequently cultured (6.4%). Most of the infection did occur in summer among 7-11 year-old subjects.

Conclusion : Infection with shigella, giardia and salmonella is quite common. Necessary health care activities are strongly recommended.

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Background: Nosocomial infections are quite common with known complications and its related high mortality and morbidity rate, meanwhile, there exists problems with hand washing with water and soap. Antibacterial gels have recently introduced to our market. The producer factory believes that it can simply substituted the water and soap. Thus, the present study was conducted on skin culture of shaheed Beheshti hospital staff before and after the usage of antibacterial gel in 1380.

Materials and methods: For this study 59 staff were included. Sampling was achieved according to the simple randomization. First of all a sample was obtained, then, 5 minutes following the application of antibacterial gel (Darougar Co)another sample was obtained. Samples cultured on BA and EMB media and the frequency of microorganisms and the efficacy of gel were determined.

Results: The most frequent pathogens were coagulase-negative staph.(72.9%), coagulase-positive staph. (30.5%), bacillus (22%), klebsiella (10.2%), streptococcous (3.4%), and E Coli. (1.7%). The percentage of organism reduction following the usage of antibacterial gel were 90.7% for coagulase-negative staph (p=0.00) and 66.7% for coagulase-positive staph. (p=0.005). This reduction was 100% for klebsiella and E.Coli, but 50% for Strep.

Conclusion: Since skin is a routine source of infections transmission, and with respect to the satisfactory results of antibacterial gel in this regard, we recommend the usage of antibacterial gel for hospital staff before and after touching their patients.

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Background: Cockroaches have important role in transmission and distribution of pathogen agents. So, this study was carried out to determine the cockroaches' species and their bacterial agents in Kashan hospitals in 2001.

Materials and Methods: This description study was performed on 88 cockroaches of three major medical centers. Species of cockroaches, their bacterial infection, and isolated bacteria species from internal and external surface were determined. The frequency of infection in cockroaches was determined and their prevalence in cockroaches' population was estimated.

Results: From 88, 83% were German cockroaches and remaining were American cockroaches. The rate of infection was 44.3%. 61.5% of German cockroaches and 100% of American cockroaches were infected with at least one species of bacteria. Internal and external infections of cockroaches were 71.8% and 28.2%, respectively. The most prevalent bacterium was Enthracoccus (36%) and Streptococcus (31%) respectively. Naghavi hospital had more infection (76%) compare to others. Bacteria isolated form internal and external levels were Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Micrococcus, Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci, Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci, Pseudomonas.

Conclusion: Cockroaches bacterial infection is a noteworthy problem in Kashan hospitals. Therefore it is considered the ways to reduce abundant cockroaches and their bacterial infection..

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Background: Regarding to prevalence of otitis and different report of etiology and resistant drug and inaccessibility of accurate bacterial agents and the rate of antibiotic sensitivity, this study was performed in patients who referred to Matini Hospital of Kashan.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on 50 patients with supperative otitis media that refereed to the Central Laboratory of Kashan University during 2002-2003. All of patients were examined by Otolaryngologist, then refereed to Centeral Laboratory, specimens were collected and cultured on media: eosin Methylen Blue (EMB), blood agar, Thioglycolate, isolated were identified by National Committee for Clinical laboratory Standard (NCCLS), antibiotic sensitivity was determined according to disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). The results were presented by descriptive analysis.

Results: Rate of infection in the 50 cases were determined 56%, the most common age of patients in the both sex were 25-35 year. Pseudomonas Aeroginosa and Staphylococcus Aureus were the most common pathogens (22%), Pseudomonas showed the most rate of antibiotic sensitivity to vancomycin

Conclusion: P. aeroginosa was the major pathogen in patients with suppurative otitis media, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin were determined as effective drugs.

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Background: This study was conducted for assessing the role of medical devices such as thermometers, stethoscopes, and cuffs in transmission of nosocomial infections in Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan, Iran in 2004.

Materials and Methods: This Descriptive study was carried out on 166 medical devices such as thermometers, stethoscopes, and cffs used in various wards of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan, Iran,2004. Samples were taken randomly from the outer surfaces of the medical instruments by use of sterile swabs poured in sterile saline. The samples immediately were transported to the microbiology laboratory of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. In laboratory, the samples were inoculated in blood agar and Eosin-Methylene Blue agar and preserved in 37° C. Identification of the isolated colonies were based on Gram staining, and biochemical standard tests such as indole, methyl red, vogesproskaur, citrate (IMViC), oxidase, and β-glucoronidase. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates gram negative bacilli were performed by the disk diffusion method according to standards developed by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCL).

Results: The overall contamination rate was 65.7% (109 out of 166). The contamination rates for cuffs and stethoscope at the various wards were 100%, and the overall for alcohol used as disinfectant of thermometers were 50%. The highest contamination rates of alcohol were seen in women in surgery ward about 100%. From the total 124 isolated micro-organisms, the gram positive cocci were 57 cases (%46), gram negative bacilli 33 (%26.6 ), gram negative cocci 14 (%11.3), gram positive bacilli 11 (%8.9), yeast 6 (%4.8), and fungi 3 (%2.4). The antibacterial susceptibility test were done on isolated gram negative bacilli and resistance to the first and third generations of cephalosporin, ciprofloxacin, and co-trimoxazole were notable

Conclusion : According to high contamination of medical devices with gram negative bacilli and their role in spread of nosocomial infections, the use of private thermometer per patients or use of disposable cover for rectal thermometers, and periodic disinfection of the stethoscope and cuffs are reasonable ways to reduce the risk of transmission.

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Background: Bacterial vaginosis was reported to have great influences on pregnancy and fetus health. Since the true epidemiologic profile of bacterial vaginosis is not obvious in shahrekord, the present study was performed on patients referring to medical centers, between 2004 and 2005.

Materials and Methods: For this descriptive study, initial data was gathered via history, direct smear, KOH test, Variables: Bacterial vaginosis, marital status, occupation, husband’s job, signs (dysparonia, vaginal burning), direct smear, Wiff test, colour and smell and form of vaginal discharge.

Results: Of 210 patients, 60 (%28/6) were revealed to be infected with bacterial vaginosis. These 53 (% 88/4) had bad odour and 33 (%55) had yellow-gray discharge and had 48 (%80) watery discharge and 25 (%41/6) had dysparonia and 11 (%18/3) had vaginal burning .60 (%100) had positive direct smear and 29 (%48/3) had Whiff test or positive KOH test .There exists association between result of direct smear and Whiff test. This is not similar to those patients with Whiff test and direct smear. There exists association between bacterial vaginosis and bad smell discharge, dysparonia, vaginal burning and yellow-gray discharge and no association between bacterial vaginosis and occupation, marital status and husband’s job.

Conclusion: Bacterial vaginosis is a common infection in Shahrekord .it is associated with preterm delivery and premature birth. We recommend that for control and prevention of bacterial vaginosis at pregnancy, educational and hygienic programs should be considered regarding all patients in Shahrekord.

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Background: The most common form of ocular infection is conjunctivitis. The aim of this study is to determine the most prevalent causes of bacterial conjunctivitis and antibiotic sensitivity in Mostafa Khomeini Hospital.

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, we evaluated symptom, pathogen and effective antibiotic sensitivity in bacterial conjunctivitis. In the present research, 150 cases of conjunctivitis referred to Shaheed Mostafa Khomeini Hospital were studied from Jun. 1999 to Mar. 2000. Our study was carried out based on questionnaires, examinations, cultures and antibiograms.

Results: The prevalence of conjunctivitis and bacterial conjunctivitis were 3.2% and 2.1%, respectively. The age limit of the patients under study was 3 days to 65 years. Positive culture in cases was 66.6%. The frequency of conjunctivitis was equal in both males and females. The most frequent age of conjunctivitis was in 0-1 group. The most frequent symptoms in patients were hyperemia & tearing. The frequency of isolated pathogens were: staph. Aurous (38%) penumococcus (11%) pseudomonas (10%) haemophilus (8%) enterobacter, klebsiella, ecoli, staph. Epidermis (each 7%) entrococcus (4%) and moraxella catarrhal (1%). The percentages of antibacterial sensitivity of isolated pathogens were: chloramphenicol 80% gentamycin 76% erythromycin 71% and tetracycline 65%.

Conclusion: This study showed that the most common causes of bacterial conjunctivitis are pneumococcus, haemophilus influenza and staphylococcus. Empiric therapy with new local antibiotics seems to be appropriate. Culture is not necessary except in severe, recurrent or epidemic form of conjunctivitis.

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Background: Concerning the adverse effects of bacterial infections in the lesions due to cutaneous leishmaniasis sush as: diagnosis, treatment and increased cost, duration of treatment and progress of healing in skin lesions, this study was carried out in cutaneus leishmaniasis patients refered to the central laboratory in Kashan, Iran, 2003.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was condacted on 117 of 164 patients with skin lesions in the central laboratory of Kashan, Iran, 2003. Speciemens were collected and inoculated in blood agar and cosin-methylen blue agars chioglycolate. Identification of the tsclates was determined baccording to a standard method and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated was done by disk diffusion method. The results were analyzed statistically

Results: There was bacterial infection in 32 acses (19.5%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen and showed the most rate of antibiotic sensitivity to ceftriaxon and erythromycin.

Conclusion: To treat these lesions by antibiotic, diagnosing the secondary bacterial contamination due to cutaneous leishmaniasis is necessary.

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 Background: The occurrence of isolates producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) has increased worldwide. Gram-negative bacilli producing the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) are responsible for resistance against oxy-imino beta-lactames and monobactams, and may be considered as the major pathogens in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU). The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of beta-lactam antibiotic resistance in fecal flora of newborns and the risk factors leading to their colonization.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 167 hospitalized newborns in Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan in 2006. The fecal isolated gram-negative bacilli were prepared using standard tests. The pattern of sensitivity to antibiotics and the ESBL production was investigated on isolates with the criteria suggested by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institutes (CLSI). Data were analyzed statistically by Fischer’s exact and Chi square tests.
Results: Colonization of fecal flora with gram-negative microorganisms was determined in 120 stool samples. Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and microorganisms producing ESBL were identified in 53 (44.2%), 34 (28.3 %), and 35 (29.2%), respectively. 65.7% (23 out of 35) of microorganisms producing ESBL were K.pneumoniae. Risk factors for colonization of gram negative bacilli producing ESBL were birth weight ≤ 2500gr. (P<0.00008), any antibiotic usage in infants (P<0.0001), preterm neonates (P<0.00013), total parenteral feeding (P<0.0007), administration of ampicillin (P<0.0017), respiratory disease (P<0.0037), ventilator support (P<0.0076), duration of hospitalization >7 days (P<0.0082), administration of cefotaxime (P<0.0247), and C-section delivery (P<0.048).
Conclusion: To decrease the morbidity and mortality rates following the infection caused by ESBLs colonized in the intestine of infants, protection of normal non-pathogenic bacterial flora is important. This can be provided by the efficient application of infection control measures, and limitation of antibiotic usage to strict clinical indications.

 

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Background: Brucellosis is one of the five common bacterial zoonoses caused by a gram negative, non-spore forming, and facultative intracellular bacterial organism belonging to the genus Brucella. Although brucellosis is considered as a health problem for both men and domestic animals in many countries, any licensed human vaccine has not been designed and produced for it yet. To overcome the problem, currently, antigenic determinants of Brucella cell wall e.g. outer membrane proteins [OMPs] and lipopolysaccharide [LPS] are considered as potential candidates to develop subunit vaccines.

Materials and Methods: Brucella abortus S99 used in the present study is obtained from the standard bacterial collection of Institute Pasteur of Iran. OMPs were extracted by deoxycholate extraction technique and further purification performed by sequential centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. Protein concentration was determined using the Nanodrop ND–10000 spectrophotometery. SDS-polyacrylamied gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) was performed to determine the electerophoretic pattern and the molecular weight of the extracted OMP samples. Results: OMPs concentration of B.abortus S99 has been measured and reported as 6.27 mg/ml. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated one protein band in the range of 36-38 kDa which would be classified as the porins of B.abortus S99.

Conclusion: Extraction of B.abortus S99 OMPs with the applied method in the present study produced a satisfactory yield of OMPs. These proteins belonging to the second group of OMPs, called porins.

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Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the main cause of hospital infection. The aim of present study was to investigate the molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus (SA), to detect mecA gene, and to type SCCmec in the strains isolated from patients at Kashan Shahid Beheshti Hospital.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on SA isolates (n=150) collected from the clinical samples at Kashan Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Iran during 2009. The identification of all tested isolates were confirmed using Gram's stain, coagulase, DNase and manitol salt agar. In addition, the genotypes of SCCmec in the MRSA isolates were determined by multiplex PCR.

Results: Eighty seven (58%) out of 150 SA isolates were confirmed as MRSA harboring mecA gene detected by PCR. Thirty four out of 87 (39.1%) were HA-MRSA and the remainig 53 (60.9%) were CA-MRSA. The multiplex PCR assay for SCCmec complex of MRSA strains (n=87) showed that 3(3.4%) samples were SCCmec type I, 12(13.8%) SCCmec type II, 8(9.2)% SCCmec type IVb, 4(4.6%) SCCmec type IVd and 3(3.4%) SCCmec type V.

Conclusion: More than 50% of SA strains were positive for mecA gene and more than 60% of them were CA-MRSA. Moreover, SCCmec type II was the predominant strain of the identified MRSA.

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Background: Considering the importance of cockroaches in mechanical and biological transmission of pathogenic bacteria in hospitals, the present study aimed to study the bacterial and fungal agents of German cockroaches (Blattella germanica L.) in Mashhad Imam-Reza hospital.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 100 German cockroaches sampled from Mashhad Imam-Reza hospital during Autumn 2009 and Spring 2010. After dissection of the digestive tract under sterile condition, the extractions were incubated separately in the EMB, Blood Agar and Saburo Dextrose Agar media. Bacterial and fungal flora of the cockroaches' digestive system was identified in terms of the number and percentage of the isolates.

Results: All cockroaches collected in both seasons were contaminated with bacteria. The most prevalent bacterium was Enterococcus spp. with the frequency of 27.85 and 20.51% in autumn and spring, respectively. Among the 50 cockroaches collected from the hospital in each of the Autumn and Spring seasons, 8 (16%) and 7 (14%) cockroaches showed the fungal contamination, respectively. The most prevalent fungal isolate in autumn was Penicillium spp. with the frequency of 50% and in spring Mucor spp. with the frequency of 57.14%.

Conclusion: High population density of German cockroaches in Mashhad Imam-Reza hospital is worrisome. Considering the great diversity and frequency of bacterial and fungal flora in digestive tract of the cockroaches and to reduce the risk of transmission of pathogenic agents, suitable control measures should be applied to manage the population of cockroaches in hospital settings.

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Background: A large amount of silver chloride residue is produced from the Mohr's experiments in the industrial and educational laboratories. Considering the environmental problems caused by the release and accumulation of silver chloride, this study aimed to design an efficient method for the recovery of silver nanoparticles in laboratory waste with antibacterial activity.

Materials and Methods: This bench-scale experimental study was conducted on silver chloride waste samples accumulated during one semester from teaching laboratories in a batch system. Formalin and polyvinylpyrrolidone were used as the reducing and stabilizing agents, respectively. The size of nanoparticles, size distribution and stability of silver nanoparticles were investigated using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and UV-visible spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was assessed by measuring minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) with a serial concentration method.

Results: The results showed that the optimum silver recovery with small size and narrow size distribution was achieved in 0.7 mol ammonia solution and the formalin/silver chloride mole ratio of 2. The MIC value against Gram-negative (E.coli ATCC25922) and Gram-positive (S.aureus ATCC29213) reference strains was 50 ppm, whereas the MIC of nanoparticles against the clinical isolate pathogen (Acinetobacterbaumanii) was 25 ppm.

Conclusion: The proposed method is a simple and efficient method for the recovery of silver nanoparticles in laboratory waste. Moreover, the obtained silver nanoparticles have the powerful antibacterial activity.

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Background: Shortened mid-trimester cervical length in the mid-trimester period can predict very early spontaneous preterm birth. On the other hand, bacterial vaginosis, as a risk factor of the preterm labor, can increase the vaginal pH. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cervical length and vaginal pH on the prediction of preterm labor in low risk population during the mid-trimester to prevent the preterm labor using the appropriate interventions.

Materials and Methods: This cohort study was performed on 438 pregnant women between 18 and 24 weeks of pregnancy. The vaginal pH, cervical length and delivery gestational age were determined. The risk of preterm labor was evaluated based on pH and the cervical length and then the predictive values of them were determined.

Results: The odds ratio of preterm labor in alkaline toward acidic vaginal pH was more than 3 times (OR=3.06). Moreover, a significant relationship was seen between the cervical length and preterm labor. The chance of preterm labor in women with a cervical length less than 30mm was increased 14 times compared to those with a normal cervical length. More than 71% of the women had preterm labor.

Conclusion: The risk of early preterm labor in alkaline vaginal pH is higher than the late preterm and the risk of late preterm labor in short cervix is higher than the early preterm.

 

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Background: Effusional otitis media (EOM) is a common childhood disease, which can affect the hearing development. Considering the numerous theories on the involvement of bacterial factors and the contradictory data on the prevalence of the culture-positive EOM, this study aimed to evaluate the bacteriological examination of the discharge in resistant EOM in patients (age: 2-16 years) and to study the type of probable pathogens and the rate of their resistance to antibiotics.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 90 patients with resistant EOM admitted to Matini hospital, Kashan, for ventilation tube insertion. After identification of the samples, the antibiogram test (according to CLSI standards) was performed.
Results: The bacteriological assessment of 90 patients, using the disk diffusion method, indicated that 52.2% of isolates were positive and 47.8% negative. Streptococcus pneumoniae had the highest sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (100%) followed by Erythromycine (66.7%). All isolates were resistant to Cotrimoxazole (100%). Moreover, the highest antibiotic resistance in patients with EOM was seen against the ampicillin (82.98%) followed by amoxicillin (78.72%). The most sensitive antibiotics in the antibiogram test were ciprofloxacin with 63.83%, and vancomycin with 51.09% susceptibility.
Conclusion: Results of the study reveal the important role of bacteria in EOM and also the antibiotic resistance in these patients. Therefore, we recommend the annual examination of the status of antibiotic resistance in patient with EOM to prevent the antibiotic resistance.

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Background: Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma hominis are among the major causes of vaginosis, which their detection is difficult in culture media. The aim of this study was to compare two detection methods (PCR and conventional culture media) for the determination of frequency of these bacteria among women with vaginal infection.

Material and Methods: For this purpose, we conducted a study for patients with bacterial vaginosis admitted to Imam Zaman and Imam Khomeini Hospitals (n=250) in comparison with healthy women with no vaginal infections (n=150). The extracted DNA was used as template to amplify 16srRNA coding gene using specific primers in two separate PCR reactions. Then the data were analyzed using the logistic regression at the P<0.05 significant level.

Results: The results indicated that 38% and 46.8% of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma hominis were positive in culture, while this was the case in 68.8% and 77% of samples in PCR, respectively. The results show that the using PCR for molecular identification of bacteria is highly accurate, sensitive and particularly specific, where the culture negative samples were detected by this method.

Conclusion: For the detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and hominis among the vaginotic cases PCR is a highly reliable and sensitive method compared to the culture media. Using specific primers, PCR can confidently detect and separate infectious agents even in the genesis and species level.