History and Objectives: Since convulsion is the most prevalent neurologic complication among children and genetic and familial factor influences and in order to determine positive family history with convulsion and fever, the present study was carried out on children referred to the department of pediatrics of Shaheed Beheshti hospital of Kashan in 1997.

Materials and Methods: An analytical case-control study on 63 children with convulsion and fever (Case) and on 63 children with illnesses other than convulsion and fever was hospitalized in the same department (Control). Family history for convulsion and fever and without fever in both groups were recorded and statistical analysis was carried out and OR of positive family history and convulsion and fever was determined.

Results: Three patients (4.6%) in control group and 15 patients from case group (23.8%) had positive family history of convulsion and fever (P<0.005). In the control group the positive familial background for convulsion without fever was observed in one individual (1.6) and in the case group was 10 patient (15.9%) (P<0.01). Positive familial background increases the change for convulsion with fever and without fever 6 and 11.3 times respectively.

Conclusion: There is a relationship between positive familial background for convulsion and convulsion with fever among children. Therefore, this question ought to be asked from all children referred to hospital with fever. Further research is required for the elucidation underlying genetic causes of the disease.