@article{ author = {Akbari, Esmaeil and Mirzaei, Ebrahim}, title = {The efficacy of oral morphine self-administration to induce dependence, tolerance and hyperalgesia in rat}, abstract ={Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of chronic oral administration of morphine in physical dependence, hyperalgesia, and tolerance to analgesic effect of morphine using the formalin test. Materials and Methods: In this study, 40 male Wistar rats received sucrose and the morphine+sucrose in drinking water for 20 days. On the 20th day, after intraperitoneal injection of naloxone, the withdrawal symptoms were assessed. Next day, the analgesic effect of morphine injection in various doses was analyzed based on behavioral responses in formalin test in both morphine+sucrose and sucrose-treated groups. Results: Statistical analysis showed that there is a significant difference in some symptoms of the physical dependence between the two groups. Although morphine, in sucrose-treated rats, caused a dose-dependent reduction in pain score in both phases of formalin test, it did not have any significant analgesic effect on the morphine+sucrose treated rats.Conclusion: Although the oral morphine administration induces tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine and physical dependence, it does not develop hyperalgesia as a characteristic of addictive behaviors in clinical settings.}, Keywords = {Morphine, Hyperalgesia, Morphine-dependency, Rat}, volume = {16}, Number = {6}, pages = {483-492}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1695-en.html}, eprint = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1695-en.pdf}, journal = {Feyz Medical Sciences Journal}, issn = {1029-7855}, eissn = {2008-9821}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Nabiuni, Mohammad and Kouchesfahani, Homa and Azari, Sakineh and Delfan, Bahram and Gholami, Sedigheh and Yarahmadi, Azam}, title = {Effect of Curcumin on AQP5 gene expression in HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells}, abstract ={Background: Colorectal carcinoma is the third most common type of cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. The aquaporins (AQPs) are water channel proteins that play a major role in water movements through epithelial and endothelial tissues. Expression of AQP5 was induced in the early stages of colon cancer. An induction of AQP5 expression in colon cancer suggests a probable driving force roles for AQP5 in colon carcinogenesis. Curcumin, as a chemopreventive phytochemical is important to block, retard or reverse the process of carcinogenesis. Several studies have suggested that curcumin may prevent or delay the occurrence of colorectal cancer. This study aimed to examine the effect of curcumin on the inhibition of AQP5. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the HT-29 cell line was cultured in DMEM medium containing 10 % FBS and 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin. The effect of curcumin concentrations on the growth of cells was determined using the MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide] assay. Immunocytochemistry was performed to examine the effect of curcumin on the expression of AQP5. Results: Immunocytochemistry showed the decreased amount of AQP5 protein in the curcumin-treated cells. Conclusion: Curcumin inhibits the expression of AQP5 in human colorectal cancer cell line, HT-29. The inhibition of AQ5 expression may provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of colorectal cancer.}, Keywords = {Curcumin, Colorectal carcinoma, Aquaporin 5, HT-29 cell line}, volume = {16}, Number = {6}, pages = {493-500}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1697-en.html}, eprint = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1697-en.pdf}, journal = {Feyz Medical Sciences Journal}, issn = {1029-7855}, eissn = {2008-9821}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Nasirzadeh, Mohammad Reza and Babapour, Vahab and Ahmadi-Asl, Naser and Roshangar, Leila and Nazemeih, Hosei}, title = {Effects of methanol extract of soy on the apoptosis of hippocampal cells in ovariectomized rats}, abstract ={Background: The decline in estrogen level after menopause results in a decrease in life quality and different neurological disorders such as memory impairment. However, hormone replacement therapy remains controversial. Some studies have been investigated the effects of soy phytoestrogens (e.g. genistein) on cognitive brain functions. This study aimed to examine the effect of oral administration of soy extract on the apoptosis of hippocampus cells.Materials and Methods: In this study, 30 rats were randomly allocated into 3 equal groups: 1) Sham (surgery without ovariectomy) 2) ovariectomized (OVX) and 3) treatment (OVX+soy extract). The animals in the treatment group received soy extract (60mg/kg) daily in drinking water by gavage for six weeks. At the end of treatment, brain samples of all animals were collected for tissue sectioning. Apoptosis in hippocampal cell was studied using the TUNEL method and a light microscopy.Results: Oral administration of soy extract significantly decreased the number of apoptotic (neuronal and glial) cells (P<0.05), while ovariectomy significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells in the ovariectomized group compared to the Sham (P=0.034) and treatment groups (P=0.016).Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that the oral administration of soy extract in ovariectomized rats had neuroprotective effects by decreasing the number of apoptotic cells.}, Keywords = {Soy extract, Ovariectomy, Apoptosis, Rat, Hippocampal cells}, volume = {16}, Number = {6}, pages = {501-506}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1698-en.html}, eprint = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1698-en.pdf}, journal = {Feyz Medical Sciences Journal}, issn = {1029-7855}, eissn = {2008-9821}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Akbari, Asghar and Naroei, Shideh and Pourahmadi-Babaki, Fatemeh sadat and Mogharnasi, Mahdi}, title = {Comparing the effect of a simulated action potential simulation and vibration in reducing neck and shoulder pain and disability in patients with trigger points in trapezius and levator scapulae muscles}, abstract ={Background: Trigger points in the posterior neck muscles are the outcomes of most common types of musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to compare the effects of action potential (AP) simulation and vibration in reducing neck and shoulder pain and disability in subjects with trigger points in the trapezius and levator scapulae muscles. Materials and Methods: In this single-blinded randomized controlled trial, 30 patients with trigger points in upper trapezius and levator scapula muscles were randomly assigned into two equal groups. In the vibration group, moderate pressure-low frequency vibration was used for 25 minutes and in the AP group, the simulated AP with an intensity of 1mA was applied for 16 minutes. Before and after the treatment, neck disability was assessed using neck disability index neck pain using visual analogue scale shoulder pain and disability using pain and disability index and the ROM using a goniometer. A 16-session therapeutic plan was performed for both groups. Results: Visual analogue scale was decreased from 7±2.07 to 2±1.13 in the vibration group and from 7.13±1.95 to 2.12±1.06 in the APS group neck disability index was decreased from 26.66±2.56 to 15.33±1.88 in the vibration group and from 26.06±1.83 to 15.06±1.94 in the APS group (P<0.0001). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the total variables of the study. Conclusion: In participants of the study, both vibration and simulated AP not only can decrease the pain and disability in neck and shoulder, but also increase the ROM in the neck.}, Keywords = {Trigger points, Simulated action potential, Vibration, Disability, Pain, Neck, Shoulder }, volume = {16}, Number = {6}, pages = {507-514}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1696-en.html}, eprint = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1696-en.pdf}, journal = {Feyz Medical Sciences Journal}, issn = {1029-7855}, eissn = {2008-9821}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Talebzadeh-Farooji, Hasan and Davoodabadi, abdolhosein and Abdolrahim-Kashi, Esmaeil and Sehat, Mojtaba and Eydi, Mohamm}, title = {Efficacy of drainage following an uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy}, abstract ={Background: Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred method for cholecystectomy, performing routine drainage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is an issue of considerable debate. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of using a drain on complications following an uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials and Methods: In this study, 86 patients with biliary colic were candidates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patients were randomly divided into two (the intervention and control) groups. In the intervention group, a drain was placed postoperatively, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The amount of fluid collection, length of hospital stay, recovery rate and the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain were recorded in all patients.Results: Mean age of patients was 46.33±12.53 and 45.88±10.66 years in the drain and non-drain groups. The drain group was hospitalized 0.76 days more than the non-drain group (P=0.001). Complications were seen in the drain (7%) and non-drain (4.7%) groups. VAS was significantly higher in the drain group than the non-drain group (P=0.001).Conclusion: Drainage does not have a positive effect on the postoperative abdominal secretions, recovery and the probable complications. Moreover, it can cause a significant increase in both length of hospital stay and pain score.}, Keywords = {Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Drain, Complications}, volume = {16}, Number = {6}, pages = {515-521}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1699-en.html}, eprint = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1699-en.pdf}, journal = {Feyz Medical Sciences Journal}, issn = {1029-7855}, eissn = {2008-9821}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Naghoosi, Hamed and Mohebbi, Sayyed Reza and Tahaei, Sayyed Mohamad Ebrahim and Azimzadeh, Pedram and Romani, Sara and Almasi, Shohreh and Khanyaghma, Mahsa and Sharifian, Afsaneh and Sanati, Azar and Zali, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Evaluating the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphism in the TNF-gene promoter and susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B infection in patients referring to Taleghani hospital in Tehran}, abstract ={Background: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine, plays an essential role in the host immune response to hepatitis B virus (HBV). The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the TNF- 308 gene locus promoter and the susceptibility to chronic HBV infection.Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of 119 chronically HBV infected patients referred to Tehran Taleghani hospital and 111 healthy controls using the phenol-chloroform method. Afterwards, genotyping was performed by the ARMS-PCR method. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results: The frequencies of TNF-α genotypes (GG and GA) 308 on locus were 84.9%, 15.1% and 80.2%, 19.8% in the case and control groups, respectively. No AA genotype was seen in both groups. Moreover, no significant difference was found between the case and control groups.Conclusion: The genetic capacity for cytokine production in individuals has a major effect on their immune system response. Several SNPs have been identified in the human TNF- α gene promoter the polymorphism at 308 locus, which involves substituting guanine (G) for adenine (A), has been linked to an increased susceptibility to several chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the results of this study indicate that there is no relation between the TNF-α-308 locus SNP and susceptibility to chronic HBV infection in Iranian population.}, Keywords = {TNF-α, Polymorphism, Chronic hepatitis B }, volume = {16}, Number = {6}, pages = {522-528}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1700-en.html}, eprint = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1700-en.pdf}, journal = {Feyz Medical Sciences Journal}, issn = {1029-7855}, eissn = {2008-9821}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimi-Sadr, Parisa and Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh and Hassan-Saraf, Zahir Mohammad and Beheshti, Nasibeh}, title = {Effect of artemether on the recovery of lesions caused by Leishmania major}, abstract ={Background: Leishmaniasis is an important health problem in Iran. Considering the importance of the disease and its resistance to the chemical drugs, this study aimed to examine the effect of artemether on the recovery of lesions caused by Leishmania major.Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on 25 Balb/c mice in 5 groups: two groups were treated with artemether (ointment and injection), one group with glucantime and the two control groups. The mice infected with Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) were treated for two weeks. Finally, the lesion diameter was evaluated.Results: Mean diameter of lesion in the infected group treated with ointment of artemether decreased from 1.294 to 0.214 cm five days after the start of treatment until the end of treatment, a significant difference was seen in the mean diameter of lesions between the infected group treated with artemether and the untreated group (P<0.05). Mean diameter of lesion in the infected group treated with artemether injection decreased from 0.913 to 0.256 cm four days after the start of treatment until the end of treatment, a significant difference was seen in the mean diameter of lesions between the infected group treated with artemether and untreated group (P<0.05). Moreover, five days after the start of treatment until the end of treatment, a significant difference was seen in the mean diameter of lesions between the group treated with glucantime and untreated group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Administration of artemether ointment, as a painless and easy method, is effective in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.}, Keywords = {Leishmania major, Artemether, Ointment, Injection, Balb/c}, volume = {16}, Number = {6}, pages = {529-535}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1701-en.html}, eprint = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1701-en.pdf}, journal = {Feyz Medical Sciences Journal}, issn = {1029-7855}, eissn = {2008-9821}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Batooli, Hosein and Safaei-Ghomi, Javad and Haghir-Ebrahim-Abadi, Abdolrasool and Masoomi, Reyhaneh}, title = {Evaluating the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the vegetative and reproductive organs and an antimicrobial activity of essential oil and extract of two Salvia species in Kashan region}, abstract ={Background: Different species of Salvia L. genus were used for disinfection and blood glucose regulation in traditional and modern medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical compositions of the essential oils of S. sclarea L. and S. reuterana Boiss. and their antimicrobial properties.Materials and Methods: The species collected from the heights of Kashan mountains were dried. Volatile fractions were isolated by simultaneous distillation-extraction technique. The analysis of the essential oils was performed using the GC and GC-MS. The in-vitro antimicrobial activities against 10 bacterial strains were evaluated using the disk diffusion and micro-well dilution techniques.Results: Twenty-nine and 12 compositions were identified in leaves and flowers of the essential oil of S. sclarea, respectively. Twenty-six compositions were identified in leaves and 31 in flowers of the essential oil of S. reuterana. The S. sclarea L. essential oil showed the highest sensitivity against Proteus vulgaris. Moreover, the lowest concentration of S. reuterana essential oil was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans. A. niger was the most resistant microbes against the extract of flowers and leaves of the two species of the essential oils. Staphylococcus aureus was highly resistant to the essential oil and extract of flowers and leaves of S. sclarea and also the essential oil of flowers and leaves of S. reuterana, but it showed sensitivity to the extract of flowers and leaves of S. reuterana. Conclusion: Considering the relatively high antimicrobial activities of the species, the effective compounds in the flowers can be used for antibacterial purposes.}, Keywords = {S. sclarea L., S. reuterana Boiss., Essential oil, Antimicrobial, Chemical compositions}, volume = {16}, Number = {6}, pages = {536-545}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1710-en.html}, eprint = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1710-en.pdf}, journal = {Feyz Medical Sciences Journal}, issn = {1029-7855}, eissn = {2008-9821}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Abadi, Alireza and Dehghani-Arani, Monireh and Yavari, Parvin and Alavi-Majd, Hamid and Bajik, Kris}, title = {Application of the competing risk models for the analysis of risk factors in patients with breast cancer}, abstract ={Background: In competing risks data, when a person experiences an event other than the one of interest in the study, usually the probability of experiencing the event of interest is altered. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the competing risk data. The aim of this study was to analyze the breast cancer risk factors using the competing risk model in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: In this cohort study, 6206 cancerous patients included all women diagnosed with breast cancer were identified during 1990-1999 by the British Columbia Cancer Center and followed until 2010. To compare the competing risk models, the stratified Cox and proportional sub-distribution hazards models were fitted. Results: Findings showed that for breast cancer death, the hazard ratio increased for age (29%, 40%), radiotherapy (71%, 55%) and hormone therapy (76%, 84%) in the stratified Cox and proportional sub-distribution hazards models, respectively. Surgery decreased the hazard ratio in both models (89% ,80%). For deaths not due to breast cancer, the hazard ratio for age (81%, 91%) and chemotherapy (67%, 61%) decreased in both models, respectively. Conclusion: The Cox model, which ignores the competing risks, presents the different estimates and results than the proportional sub-distribution hazards model. Thus, in the analysis of competing risks data, the sub-distribution proportion hazards model is more appropriate than the Cox model.}, Keywords = {Competing risks, Cox proportional hazards model, Proportional sub-distribution hazards model}, volume = {16}, Number = {6}, pages = {546-552}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1703-en.html}, eprint = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1703-en.pdf}, journal = {Feyz Medical Sciences Journal}, issn = {1029-7855}, eissn = {2008-9821}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Norouzzadeh, Reza and Heidari, Mohammadrez}, title = {Predicting the risk of acute coronary syndrome in the elderly based on reported symptoms}, abstract ={Background: Recognizing the symptoms of acute coronary syndrome, as a leading cause of death among the elderly, is important for performing a successful intervention .This study aimed to predict the acute coronary syndrome based on the typical and atypical symptoms reported in the patients above and below 65 years. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 446 patients with acute coronary syndrome were randomly selected among the cardiac intensive care units of 8 hospitals in Tehran. Data were collected using a checklist consisting of the symptoms of acute coronary syndrome.Results: Results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the typical symptoms between the two age groups (above and below 65 years). The most typical symptom reported in patients above 65 years was dyspnea and the least one jaw or neck pain. Moreover, the most atypical symptom in patients over 65 years was palpitation and the least symptoms in the right side of the chest and indigestion, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that after the inclusion of both typical and atypical symptoms and age variable in the model, the incidence of chest symptoms, arm pain, dyspnea and neck or jaw pain can be predicted in the two age groups. Conclusion: The results of this study reveal that age, as a variable, can predict the most typical symptoms of acute coronary syndrome.}, Keywords = {Acute coronary syndrome, Elderly, Prediction, Typical symptoms, Atypical symptoms}, volume = {16}, Number = {6}, pages = {553-559}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1704-en.html}, eprint = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1704-en.pdf}, journal = {Feyz Medical Sciences Journal}, issn = {1029-7855}, eissn = {2008-9821}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Sabery, Mahdieh and Shiri, Hosein and Moradiance, vahan and Taghadosi, Mohsen and Gilasi, Hamid Reza and Khamechian, Marzyeh}, title = {The frequency and risk factors for early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units of Kashan Shahid-Beheshti hospital during 2009-2010}, abstract ={Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the second most common cause of nosocomial infection in the intensive care units. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and risk factors for early-onset VAP in Kashan Shahid-Beheshti hospital during 2009-2010. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 mechanically ventilated patients hospitalized for more than 48 hours in three intensive care units of Kashan Shahid-Beheshti hospital. After a 96-hour follow up period, VAP was diagnosed using the "Modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score". Results: Invasive ventilation was prescribed for all patients. Main reasons for indication of mechanical ventilation were the respiratory disorders and decreased level of consciousness. The VAP incidence rate was 19% (4 women and 15 men). There were 3 groups of risk factors (patient-related, procedure-related and personnel-related). Among the patient-related risk factors, there was a significant difference between the age (P=0.036), GCS (P=0.001) and the onset of VAP in the procedure-related group, there was a significant difference between the therapist who inserts a catheter (P=0.01) and the positioning of the patient's head in≥30 (P=0.02) and also the onset of VAP in the personnel-related group, there was a significant difference between the oral care (P=0.02) and personnel education on infection control (P=0.002) and VAP. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, providing training for staff and comprehensive oral care are recommended in the mechanically ventilated patients.}, Keywords = {Nosocomial infection, Ventilator-associated pneumonia, Intensive care unit, Risk factors}, volume = {16}, Number = {6}, pages = {560-569}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1705-en.html}, eprint = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1705-en.pdf}, journal = {Feyz Medical Sciences Journal}, issn = {1029-7855}, eissn = {2008-9821}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Movahedian, Amir Hosein and Heydarzadeh, Marzyeh and Mosayebi, Ziba and Mousavi, Sayyed Gholam Abbas and Motaharizad, Davoo}, title = {Evaluation of QT dispersion in children with breath-holding spells}, abstract ={Background: Breath holding spells (BHS), as sudden and reflexive phenomena, are common in infancy and early childhood. Long QT syndrome (LQTS) and sudden abnormalities of rhythm should be considered in the differential diagnoses of BHS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the QT dispersion (QTd) in children with BHS. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 56 children with BHS and 56 healthy children. After recording ECG, QTd and corrected QT dispersion (QTcd) were evaluated in the patients. Results: Among 112 children, 51 cases (45.5%) were male and the rest female. There was no statistically significant difference in mean age of the children between the two groups (P=0.99). In the case and control groups, cyanotic (83.9%), the most common type of BHS, was often repeated once a week (35.7%). The mean and SD of QTd and QTcd in the case and control groups were 61.6±22.5, 47.1±18.8 and 104.2±29.6, 71.9±18.2, respectively. These values in the control group were less than the case group (P<0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the frequencies of QTd and QTcd in children with BHS are more than those in the healthy children. Therefore, ECG and LQTS in these children allow for more precise evaluation of BHS and they should be considered in early assessment of the patients.}, Keywords = {Breath-holding, Dispersion, QT interval, QTd, QTcd}, volume = {16}, Number = {6}, pages = {570-575}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1706-en.html}, eprint = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1706-en.pdf}, journal = {Feyz Medical Sciences Journal}, issn = {1029-7855}, eissn = {2008-9821}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Chitsazi, Sahar and Moravvej, Gholam Hosein and Naderi-Nasab, Mahbobeh}, title = {A survey on the bacterial and fungal contamination of German cockroaches in Mashhad Imam- Reza hospital during 2009-2010}, abstract ={Background: Considering the importance of cockroaches in mechanical and biological transmission of pathogenic bacteria in hospitals, the present study aimed to study the bacterial and fungal agents of German cockroaches (Blattella germanica L.) in Mashhad Imam-Reza hospital. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 100 German cockroaches sampled from Mashhad Imam-Reza hospital during Autumn 2009 and Spring 2010. After dissection of the digestive tract under sterile condition, the extractions were incubated separately in the EMB, Blood Agar and Saburo Dextrose Agar media. Bacterial and fungal flora of the cockroaches' digestive system was identified in terms of the number and percentage of the isolates.Results: All cockroaches collected in both seasons were contaminated with bacteria. The most prevalent bacterium was Enterococcus spp. with the frequency of 27.85 and 20.51% in autumn and spring, respectively. Among the 50 cockroaches collected from the hospital in each of the Autumn and Spring seasons, 8 (16%) and 7 (14%) cockroaches showed the fungal contamination, respectively. The most prevalent fungal isolate in autumn was Penicillium spp. with the frequency of 50% and in spring Mucor spp. with the frequency of 57.14%.Conclusion: High population density of German cockroaches in Mashhad Imam-Reza hospital is worrisome. Considering the great diversity and frequency of bacterial and fungal flora in digestive tract of the cockroaches and to reduce the risk of transmission of pathogenic agents, suitable control measures should be applied to manage the population of cockroaches in hospital settings.}, Keywords = {Bacterial and fungal contamination, German cockroach, Hospital}, volume = {16}, Number = {6}, pages = {576-584}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1707-en.html}, eprint = {http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-1707-en.pdf}, journal = {Feyz Medical Sciences Journal}, issn = {1029-7855}, eissn = {2008-9821}, year = {2013} }