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History and Objectives: Since arterial Oxygen saturation variations during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, i.e. bronchoscopy and reported discrepancies on the prevalence of such condition and in order to determine the arterial Oxygen saturation (SPo2) during the passage of the bronchoscope through different part of the respiratory tract, the present investigation was undertaken on individuals referred to the out-patient clinic or hospitalized at the Imam Khomeini hospital of Tabriz (1994).

Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on 200 bronchoscopy candidates. Information pertaining to the personal data age, sex, major complaint, type of cardiac complication was recorded. At various stages of bronchoscopy (Before and after Oxygen administration, during Xylocaine treatment of the vocal cords, passage of the bronchoscope from the main body of the right and left bronchus, during washing and biopsy of the bronchus, during coughing and at the end of coughing), reduction of Oxygen saturation (More than 5%) was taken as the fall of the arterial Oxygen saturation.

Results: From 200 cases studied, 79 patients (39.5%) displayed fall of SPo2. 31 patients (15.5%) showed a fall of more than 10%. Total of 165 SPo2 falls were recorded during various stages of bronchoscopy. Falls were especially significant during later stages of bronchoscopy and during the washing stage, the passage of the bronchoscope through the main body of right principle bronchus and during biopsy. Correlation between atelectasis and fall of SPo2 was 0.24 and between cigarette smoking and fall of SPo2 was 17% and between occurrence of arrhythmia and fall of SPo2 was 0.25.

Conclusion: Since the fall of SPo2 is quite frequent during bronchoscopy, administration of the Oxygen before bronchoscopy and monitoring of the arterial Oxygen saturation by pulse oximeter during bronchoscopy is highly recommended. Further analytical investigation to the role of atelectasis and cigarette smoking on the fall of SPo2 is recommended and more experimental analysis in this subject is recommended.

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History and Objectives: Food toxicity is an acute disease arising from the lack of attention to the health related food regulations. One of the indices for determination of bacterial food contamination is total bacterial counting, examination for existence of Escherichia coli (E.coli) and other pathogenic agents. Since E.coli induce diarrhea by different mechanisms, the present research was performed in order to determine the distribution and prevalence of there mechanisms of E.coli contamination isolated from different food sources referred to the microbial laboratory of Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Service in 1998-1999.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was performed on 2119 samples from food sources within one year and 300 isolated E.coli samples were examined in order to observe how they cause disease. E.coli diagnostic enteropathogen antiserum was used to detect enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC). SMA biologic techniques and newborn mice were used to detect heat-stable enterotoxin producing E.coli (ETEC). Sereny biologic test and enterohemorrhagic E.coli antiserum 0157:H7 were used for detection of invasive type E.coli and enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) respectively.

Results: 23 cases (2.7%) of E.coli isolated from various food sources, showed EPEC whereas 13 cases (1.5%) were ETEC and 1 case was EHEC.

Conclusion: The rate of E.coli isolation in spring and summer compared to other seasons were higher. Milk, other diary products, juices traditional ice cream and candies were the most frequent food sources with E.coli contamination. These findings strongly recommended monitoring and surveillance of food industries for microbial contamination.

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Background: Finding suitable tumor markers with higher sensitivity and specificity for malignancy could be a fine approach to early diagnosis, response to treatment and follow up after treatment in cancers. The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of telomerase enzyme with carcinoembryogenic antigen (CEA), Cyfra21-1 and parathyroid hormone (PTH), in diagnosis of patients with lung cancer and other cancerous diseases visited in Lung and Tuberculosis Research Center of Tabriz Medical University.

Materials and Methods: In this research a diagnostic value was designed on 50 lung cancer patients and 20 normal individuals. Telomerase activity was measured by TRAP assay, based on PCR- ELSA, in lung tumor biopsies. The serum levels of PTH, CEA, and Cyfra-21-1 were measured using commercially available immunoassay kits. Sensitivity, specificity and other diagnostic value markers were calculated. To compare quantitative means of the two groups, T independent and Man-Whitney analysis were applied.

Results: Telomerase activity had the highest sensitivity and accuracy (76% and 82.9%, respectively). The mean values for Cyfra-21-1 were 58% and 70%, respectively. The highest value of sensitivity for telomerase was calculated in small and large cell carcinoma with 100% in lung cancer patients. The highest sensitivity of Cyfra-21-1 (98%) was seen in the large cell carcinoma.

Conclusion:  The diagnostic sensitivity of telomerase enzyme was higher than that of cyfra21-1 and CEA. It seems that the positive value of telomerase enzyme could be considered as a rapid diagnostic factor especially in lower stages of lung cancer.

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Background: Considering the importance of oral care in the ICU and the lack of comprehensive protocols for oral care, the present study was conducted to review the available literature on oral care and to present an evidence-based protocol for oral care in ICU patients.

Materials and Methods: Fifty-four full-texts original articles, systematic reviews and meta-analysis papers on mouth care in ICU patients published from 2001 to the end of 2010 in English and indexed in the Pubmed, Ovid, Elsevier, and ProQuest databases were searched by using the relative key-words (e.g. oral care, mouth care, critical care, and intensive care) in the title or abstract and then evaluated.

Results: ICU patients are prone to dental plaque and VAP due to conditions such as impaired immunological deficiency, the presence of an endotracheal tube, drug side effects, and difficulty with swallowing food and fluids. Due to the lack of a standard protocol for oral care in ICU, oral cares haven't properly done in ICU wards. Studies have shown that some oral care interventions (e.g. tooth brushing with toothpaste, brushing all surfaces of teeth, tongue and palate, and also the use of chlorhexidine solution) have largely reduced the incidence of VAP in ICU patients.

Conclusion: The results revealed that the oral hygiene may reduce the incidence of VAP. Hence assessing patients, implementing mechanical and pharmaceutical interventions are important in oral care and applying the protocol presented in this study can improve the oral health of patients in the ICU.

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Background: Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's antioxidant defense. Using antioxidants can have preventative effects on diabetes. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Kardeh on blood glucose and oxidative stress parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 40 male Wistar rats weighing 250 ± 200 g were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups (control, diabetic, treatment (diabetic + receiving biarum bovei hydroalcoholic extract of the plant at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg / kg body per day by gavage for 14 days)). At the end of the study period, fasting blood glucose as well as malondialdehyde levels and the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase heart tissue were evaluated. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software using one-way analysis of variance.
Results: The results showed that serum glucose concentration in the treatment group was significantly lower than the diabetic group (P<0.01). Also, in the treatment group, the level of MDA was significantly lower and the activity of TAC, SOD and GPX enzymes was higher than the diabetic group.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that Kardeh hydroalcoholic extract is able to prevent hypertension in diabetic rats and strengthen the antioxidant system of heart tissue.

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Background: During the Coronavirus 2019 pandemic, children and adolescents experienced a number of problems, such as distance from peers, participation in virtual classes, home quarantine, reduced physical activity, and hearing news related to the deadly COVID-19, which affected their mental health. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate depression, anxiety and stress in children and adolescents during the coronavirus 2019 pandemic.
Materials and Methods: This study is a review by searching by keywords Coronavirus 2019, Children, Adolescents, Depression, Stress, Anxiety, Mental Health, Pandemic and Psychology in the titles and abstracts of articles published in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect Searched for 2020 (February) to 2021 (July). 30 purposeful research articles based on exclusion criteria (unavailability of full text of the article, letter to the editor and no abstract) and entry into the research (relevance to the purpose of the research, having a structured research framework and publication in a valid journal) to select the selection Were.
Results: Studies have shown a decrease in the mental health of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Fear, Social Isolation, Poor Sleep Quality, Decreased Physical Activity, Poor Academic Performance, Aggression, Behavioral Problems, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder are some of the most common problems in children and adolescents during COVID-19 outbreaks. Was. Factors such as age, gender, economic and social status, physical activity, domestic violence, parenting style and fear of COVID-19 affected the mental health of children and adolescents.
Conclusion: As children and adolescents reach a critical developmental age, home quarantine, social isolation, and school closures caused them to experience high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, it is necessary for parents, psychologists and school counselors to take measures to increase the mental health, social support, resilience, mindfulness and psychological well-being of children and adolescents.

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