:: Volume 22, Issue 6 (Bimonthly 2018) ::
Feyz 2018, 22(6): 632-639 Back to browse issues page
Evaluation of executive and cognitive functions in bipolar patients and their family members
Behrooz Afshari , Zahra Zanjani
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I. R. Iran. , Behrooz.afshari71@gmail.com
Abstract:   (3992 Views)
Background:  Bipolar disorder is a debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent depression, manic, and hypomanic episodes. Examination and comparison of executive and cognitive functions in bipolar patients and their family members has not been addressed in Iran so far. The aim of the present study was to examine executive and cognitive functions in bipolar patients and their family members.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 50 patients with bipolar disorder, 50 of their family members, and 50 healthy controls were included. The Young Mania Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Tower of London task, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, Trail Making Test, Ruler Drop method, Four- Choice task, and general intelligence test were used to examine executive and cognitive functions of the participants.
Results: Executive and cognitive functions in patients with a bipolar disorder were significantly lower than those in the other groups (P<0.01), but there was no significant difference in executive and cognitive functions between family members of the patients and healthy controls.
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, executive and cognitive functions have been destroyed in patients with bipolar disorder, but their family members have normal executive and cognitive functions.
Keywords: Executive function, Cognitive function, Bipolar disorder
Full-Text [PDF 299 kb]   (1640 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: medicine, paraclinic
Received: 2018/07/25 | Revised: 2019/02/26 | Accepted: 2018/10/15 | Published: 2019/01/30
References
1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; DSM-III. Washington DC. 1980.
2. Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. Williams & Wilkins Co; 1998.
3. Green MJ, Cahill CM, Malhi GS. The cognitive and neurophysiological basis of emotion dysregu‌lation in bipolar disorder. J Affect Dis 2007; 103(1): 29-42.
4. Van Rheenen TE, Rossell SL. Objective and sub‌jective psychosocial functioning in bipolar disorder: an investigation of the relative importance of neuro‌cognition, social cognition and emotion regulation. J Affect Dis 2014; 162: 134-41.
5. Solé B, Vieta E, Martínez-Arán A. Thinking ahead: Executive dysfunction in bipolar disorder. European Neuropsychiatry 2016; 26(8): 1348-9.
6. Afshari B, Omidi A, Sehat M. The effect of dialec‌tical behavior therapy on executive function in patients with a bipolar disorder. Feyz 2018; 22(4): 412-8 .[in Persian]
7. McCloskey G, Perkins LA, Van Diviner B. Asse‌ssment and intervention for executive function difficulties. Routledge; 2008.
8. Cotrena C, Branco LD, Shansis FM, Fonseca RP. Executive function impairments in depression and bipolar disorder: association with functional impair‌ment and quality of life. J Affect Dis 2016; 190: 744-53.
9. Marvel CL, Paradiso S. Cognitive and neuro‌logical impairment in mood disorders. Psychiatric Clin 2004; 27(1): 19.
10. Leber AB, Turk-Browne NB, Chun MM. Neural predictors of moment-to-moment fluctuations in cognitive flexibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105(36): 29-7.
11. Flanagan D, Harrison P. Contemporary intel‌le‌ctual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues. Guil‌ford Press; 2012.
12. Bora E, Hıdıroğlu C, Özerdem A, Kaçar ÖF, Sarısoy G, Arslan FC, et al. Executive dysfunction and cognitive subgroups in a large sample of euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 26(8): 1338-47.
13. Ryan KA, Assari S, Pester BD, Hinrichs K, Angers K, Baker A, et al. Similar trajectory of executive functioning performance over 5 years among individuals with bipolar disorder and un‌affected controls using latent growth modeling. J Affect Dis 2016; 199: 87-94.
14. Ojeda N, Peña J, Sánchez P, Elizagárate E, Ezcurra J. Processing speed mediates the relationship between verbal memory, verbal fluency, and functional outcome in chronic schizophrenia. Schizo‌phrenia Res 2008; 101(1): 225-33.
15. Daban C, Mathieu F, Raust A, Cochet B, Scott J, Etain B, et al. Is processing speed a valid cognitive endophenotype for bipolar disorder? J Affect Dis 2012; 139(1): 98-101.
16. Xu G, Lin K, Rao D, Dang Y, Ouyang H, Guo Y, et al. Neuropsychological performance in bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar depression patients: a longitudinal, naturalistic study. J Affect Dis 2012; 136(3): 328-39.
17. Nicol Ferrier I, Chowdhury R, Thompson JM, Watson S, Young AH. Neurocognitive function in unaffected first‐degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder: a preliminary report. Bipolar Dis 2004; 6(4): 319-22.
18. Linke J, King AV, Poupon C, Hennerici MG, Gass A, Wessa M. Impaired anatomical connectivity and related executive functions: differentiating vulne‌rability and disease marker in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2013; 74(12): 908-16.
19. Kosger F, Essizoglu A, Baltacioglu M, Ulkgun N, Yenilmez C. Executive function in parents of patients with familial versus sporadic bipolar dis‌order. Psychiatry 2015; 61: 36-41.
20. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JB. The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R personality disorders (SCID-II). Part I: Description. J Personal Dis 1995; 9(2): 83-91.
21. Sharifi V, Assadi SM, Mohammadi MR, Amini H, Kaviani H, Semnani Y, et al. A persian translation of the structured clinical interview for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: psychometric properties. Psychiatry 2009; 50(1): 86-91.
22. Eisner L, Eddie D, Harley R, Jacobo M, Niere‌nberg AA, Deckersbach T. Dialectical Behavior Therapy Group Skills Training for Bipolar Disorder. Behav Ther 2017; 48(4): 557-66.
23. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Beck depres‌sion inventory-II. San Antonio 1996; 78(2): 490-8.
24. Meygoni AK, Ahadi H. Declining the Rate of Major Depression: Effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior Therapy. Procedia-Social Behav Sci 2012; 35: 230-6.
25. Meyer B, Johnson SL, Winters R. Respons‌i‌ve‌ness to threat and incentive in bipolar disorder: Rela‌tions of the BIS/BAS scales with symptoms. J Psychopath Behav Assess 2001; 23(3): 133-43.
26. Baldo JV, Dronkers NF, Wilkins D, Ludy C, Raskin P, Kim J. Is problem solving dependent on language? Brain Language 2005; 92(3): 240-50.
27. Yang C, Zhang T, Li Z, Heeramun-Aubeeluck A, Liu N, Huang N, et al. The relationship between facial emotion recognition and executive functions in first-episode patients with schizophrenia and their siblings. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15(1): 241.
28. Nouchi R, Taki Y, Takeuchi H, Hashizume H, Akitsuki Y, Shigemune Y, et al. Brain training game improves executive functions and processing speed in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial. PloS One 2012; 7(1): e29676.
29. Aranha VP, Joshi R, Samuel AJ, Sharma K. Catch the moving ruler and estimate reaction time in children. Indian J Med Health Sci 2015; 2(1).
30. Deary IJ, Liewald D, Nissan J. A free, easy-to-use, computer-based simple and four-choice reaction time programme: the Deary-Liewald reaction time task. Behav Res Meth 2011; 43(1): 258-68.

XML   Persian Abstract   Print

Creative Commons License
This open access journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial ۴.۰ International License. CC BY-NC ۴. Design and publishing by Kashan University of Medical Sciences.
Copyright ۲۰۲۳© Feyz Medical Sciences Journal. All rights reserved.
Volume 22, Issue 6 (Bimonthly 2018) Back to browse issues page