[Home ] [Archive]   [ فارسی ]  
:: Main :: About :: Current Issue :: Archive :: Search :: Submit :: Contact ::
Main Menu
Home::
Journal Information::
Indexing Sources::
Guide for Authors::
Online Submission::
Ethics::
Articles archive::
For Reviewers::
Contact us::
::
Basic and Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition
..
DOAJ
..
CINAHL
..
EBSCO
..
IMEMR
..
ISC
..
Search in website

Advanced Search
..
Receive site information
Enter your Email in the following box to receive the site news and information.
..
enamad
..
:: Volume 23, Issue 5 (Bimonthly 2019) ::
Feyz 2019, 23(5): 563-577 Back to browse issues page
The role of aerobic exercise training patterns on learning function and memory performance: A review article
Mahnaz Sinaei , Farzad Nazem , Hojatolah Alaei , Ardeshir Talebi
Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bo Ali Sina University, Hamedan, I.R. Iran. , Farzadnazem2@gmail.com
Abstract:   (4276 Views)
Background: During recent decades, research studies have confirmed exercise training as a remarkable lifestyle intervention towards enhancing learning and memory. However, the intensity and manner by which the labor conditions partake in the functionality of brain tissue are not yet clear. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a non-systematic review article of the behavioral and cellular mechanisms on learning function and memory performance in animal and human species.
Materials and Methods: The method of data collection was to retrieve scientific papers, published between 1999 and 2019, from available databases, using the searching keywords: aerobic exercise, memory, and learning. Subsequently, out of 120 available articles, 107 cases were selected to survey the role of aerobic exercise on the nervous system.
Results: Findings from the literature review revealed the significant effect of regular submaximal aerobic exercise on learning and memory function, in both rats and humans. Furthermore, some studies indicated that long-term aerobic exercise intervention did not increase the learning functions and memory performance. Nevertheless, the positive effects of exercise patterns on memory predominate the negative ones. Thus, further investigation is necessary to thoroughly examine the role of the intensity, duration, and type of exercise training on both cognitive learning functions, and on the selection of new neuropeptides in brain tissue.
Conclusion: The rehabilitation role of aerobic exercise protocols seems important in the enhancement of learning level efficiency. Also these protocols were important in possible treatment of the memory-related central nervous system disorders.
Keywords: Aerobic exercise, Learning function, Memory performance
Full-Text [PDF 484 kb]   (5272 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Review | Subject: General
Received: 2019/02/19 | Revised: 2019/12/17 | Accepted: 2019/09/15 | Published: 2019/12/16
References
1. Brutvan JJ. The Effect of Exercise on Cognitive Function as Measured by ImPact Protocol. JSMAHS 2011; 2(2): 73.
2. Okano H, Hirano T, Balaban E. Learning and memory. PNAS 2000; 97(23): 12403-4.
3. Shelton AL, McNamara TP. Systems of spatial reference in human memory. Cogn Psychol 2001; 43(4): 274-310.
4. Archer T, Nilsson LG. Clinical perspectives on aversively motivated behavior. Aversion, Avoidance & Anxiety: Perspectives on aversively motivated behavior, T Archer and LG Nilsson (Eds), Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc, New Jersey; 1989. p. 139-44.
5. Alaei H, Moloudi R, Sarkaki AR, Azizi-Malekabadi H, Hanninen O. RETRACTED: Daily running promotes spatial learning and memory in rats. Pathophysiology 2007; 14(2): 105-8.
6. Ingole SR, Rajput SK, Sharma S. Cognition enhancers: current strategies and future perspectives. CRIPS 2008; 9(3): 42-8.
7. Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, Basak C, Szabo A, Chaddock L, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. PNAS 2011; 108(7): 3017-22.
8. Erickson KI, Gildengers AG, Butters MA. Physical activity and brain plasticity in late adulthood. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2013; 15(1): 99.
9. Rosenzweig MR, Bennett EL. Psychobiology of plasticity: effects of training and experience on brain and behavior. Behav Brain Res 1996; 78(1): 57-65.
10. Albeck DS, Sano K, Prewitt GE, Dalton L. Mild forced treadmill exercise enhances spatial learning in the aged rat. Behav Brain Res 2006; 168(2): 345-8.
11. Nichol KE, Parachikova AI, Cotman CW. Three weeks of running wheel exposure improves cognitive performance in the aged Tg2576 mouse. Behav Brain Res 2007; 184(2): 124-32.
12. Mello PB, Benetti F, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I. Effects of acute and chronic physical exercise and stress on different types of memory in rats. An Acad Bras Ciênc 2008; 80(2): 301-9.
13. Sinaei M, Nazem F, Alaei H, Talebei A. Investigating the Intervention of Long-Term Aerobic Exercise on the Passive Avoidance Memory in Male Rats. JRMS 2018; 36(470): 196-202.
14. Brisswalter J, Collardeau M, René A. Effects of acute physical exercise characteristics on cognitive performance. Sports Med 2002; 32(9): 555-66.
15. Vilela TC, Muller AP, Damiani AP, Macan TP, da Silva S, Canteiro PB, et al. Strength and aerobic exercises improve spatial memory in aging rats through stimulating distinct neuroplasticity mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54(10): 7928-37.
16. Heijnen S, Hommel B, Kibele A, Colzato LS. Neuromodulation of aerobic exercise—a review. Front. Psychol 2016; 6: 1890.
17. Hosseini N, Alaei H, Reisi P, Radahmadi M. The effect of treadmill running on passive avoidance learning in animal model of Alzheimer disease. Int J Prev Med 2013; 4(2): 187.
18. Hoveida R, Alaei H, Oryan S, Parivar K, Reisi P. Treadmill running improves spatial memory in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2011; 216(1): 270-4.
19. Berchtold N, Chinn G, Chou M, Kesslak J, Cotman C. Exercise primes a molecular memory for brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein induction in the rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 2005; 133(3): 853-61.
20. Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends in neurosciences 2002; 25(6): 295-301.
21. Ang ET, Dawe GS, Wong PT, Moochhala S, Ng YK. Alterations in spatial learning and memory after forced exercise. Brain Res 2006; 1113(1): 186-93.
22. Van Praag H, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Gage FH. Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. PNAS 1999; 96(23): 13427-31.
23. Kramer AF, Hahn S, Cohen NJ, Banich MT, McAuley E, Harrison CR, et al. Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature 1999; 400(6743): 418.
24. Fordyce D, Whner J. Effects of aging on spatial learning and hippocampal protein kinase C in mice. Neurobiol Aging 1993; 14(4): 309-17.
25. Gould E, Tanapat P, McEwen BS, Flügge G, Fuchs E. Proliferation of granule cell precursors in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys is diminished by stress. PNAS 1998; 95(6): 3168-71.
26. McMorris T, Graydon J. The effect of exercise on cognitive performance in soccer-specific tests. J Sports Sci 1997; 15(5): 459-68.
27. Braszko JJ, Kamiñski KA, Hryszko T, Jedynak W, Brzósko S. Diverse effects of prolonged physical training on learning of the delayed non-matching to sample by rats. Neurosci Res 2001; 39(1): 79-84.
28. Narath E, Skalicky M, Viidik A. Voluntary and forced exercise influence the survival and body composition of ageing male rats differently. Exp Gerontol 2001; 36(10): 1699-711.
29. Farmer J, Zhao Xv, Van Praag H, Wodtke K, Gage F, Christie B. Effects of voluntary exercise on synaptic plasticity and gene expression in the dentate gyrus of adult male Sprague–Dawley rats in vivo. Neuroscience 2004; 124(1): 71-9.
30. Dietrich MO, Mantese CE, Porciuncula LO, Ghisleni G, Vinade L, Souza DO, et al. Exercise affects glutamate receptors in postsynaptic densities from cortical mice brain. Brain Res 2005; 1065(1-2): 20-5.
31. Anderson BJ, Rapp DN, Baek DH, McCloskey DP, Coburn-Litvak PS, Robinson JK. Exercise influences spatial learning in the radial arm maze. Physiol Behav 2000; 70(5): 425-9.
32. Molteni R, Ying Z, Gómez‐Pinilla F. Differential effects of acute and chronic exercise on plasticity‐related genes in the rat hippocampus revealed by microarray. EJN 2002; 16(6): 1107-16.
33. Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie L-A. Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends Neurosci 2007; 30(9): 464-72.
34. Li H, Liang A, Guan F, Fan R, Chi L, Yang B. Regular treadmill running improves spatial learning and memory performance in young mice through increased hippocampal neurogenesis and decreased stress. Brain Res 2013; 1531: 1-8.
35. Vaynman S, Ying Z, Gomez‐Pinilla F. Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. EJN 2004; 20(10): 2580-90.
36. Knöchel C, Oertel-Knöchel V, O’dwyer L, Prvulovic D, Alves G, Kollmann B, et al. Cognitive and behavioural effects of physical exercise in psychiatric patients. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 96(1): 46-68.
37. Archer T. Influence of physical exercise on traumatic brain injury deficits: scaffolding effect. Neurotox Res 2012; 21(4): 418-34.
38. Hubert M. Physical therapy for parkinson's disease. Rev Med Brux 2011; 32(4): 388-92.
39. Marlatt MW, Potter MC, Lucassen PJ, van Praag H. Running throughout middle‐age improves memory function, hippocampal neurogenesis, and BDNF levels in female C57BL/6J mice. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72(6): 943-52.
40. Larson EB, Wang L, Bowen JD, McCormick WC, Teri L, Crane P, et al. Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144(2):73-81.
41. Ahmadiasl N, Alaei H, Hänninen O. Effect of exercise on learning, memory and levels of epinephrine in rats’ hippocampus. J Sports Sci Med 2003; 2(3): 106.
42. AZIZI MH, Alaei H, Oryan S. The effects of exercise (treadmill running) on passive-avoidance learning and memory in morphine dependent male rats. IJBMS 2005; 8(4): 252-62.
43. Alaei H, Moloudi R, Sarkaki AR. Effects of treadmill running on mid-term memory and swim speed in the rat with Morris water maze test. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2008; 12(1): 72-5.
44. Babri S, Reisi P, Alaei H, Sharifi MR, Mohades G. Effect of forced treadmill exercise on long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus in male rats. Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 12(1): 39-45.
45. Saadipour K, Sarkaki A, Alaei H, Badavi M, Rahim F. Forced exercise improves passive avoidance memory in morphine-exposed rats PJBS 2009; 12(17): 1206-11.
46. Radahmadi M, Hosseini N, Alaei H, Sharifi MR. The effect of preventive, therapeutic and protective exercises on hippocampal memory mediators in stressed rats. MJMS 2016; 23(5): 29.
47. Darzabi T, Taheri HR, Saberi Kakhki AR. The Variation of Acquisition, Consolidation Memory and Coordination Pattern of Elbow Joint in Short Service Badminton before and after Aerobic Training. Ann Appl Sport Sci 2018; 6(1): 37-46.
48. Rashidi M, Shahvaranian M, Sedaghat M. The Effect of High Intensity Aerobic and Anaerobic Training on the Memory of Healthy People. AASS 2017; 5(1): 67-72.
49. Gorbanzade B. Effect of rhythmic exercise on memory and attention in children with intellectual disability. JSMB 2018; 27(14). [in Persian]
50. Northey JM, Cherbuin N, Pumpa KL, Smee DJ, Rattray B. Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2018; 52(3): 154-60.
51. Radak Z, Taylor AW. Exercise and hormesis. The Science of Hormesis in Health and Longevity: Elsevier; 2019. p. 63-73.
52. McMorris T, Hale BJ. Is there an acute exercise-induced physiological/biochemical threshold which triggers increased speed of cognitive functioning? A meta-analytic investigation. J Sport Health Sci 2015; 4(1): 4-13.
53. Brüchle W, Schwarzer C, Koester D, Schack T, Schneider U, Rosenkranz K, editors. Physical exercise and unipolar depression: Effects on cognition, neuroplasticity, depression and coordinative movement skills. 12th CeBiTec Symposium: Big data in medicine and biotechnology, Bielefeld; 2018.
54. Loprinzi PD, Frith E, Edwards MK, Sng E, Ashpole N. The effects of exercise on memory function among young to middle-aged adults: systematic review and recommendations for future research. Am J Health Promot 2018; 32(3): 691-704.
55. Alaei H, Borjeian L, Azizi M, Orian S, Pourshanazari A, Hanninen O. Treadmill running reverses retention deficit induced by morphine. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 536(1-2): 138-41.
56. Naderi A, Alaei H, Sharifi M, Hoseini M. The comparison between effect of short-term and mid-term exercise on the enthusiasm of the male rats to self-administer morphine. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2007; 9(4): 272-80.
57. O’callaghan RM, Ohle R, Kelly ÁM. The effects of forced exercise on hippocampal plasticity in the rat: A comparison of LTP, spatial-and non-spatial learning. Behav Brain Res 2007; 176(2): 362-6.
58. Reisi P, Babri S, Alaei H, Sharifi MR, Mohaddes G, Noorbakhsh SM, et al. Treadmill running improves long-term potentiation (LTP) defects in streptozotocin-induced diabetes at dentate gyrus in rats. Pathophysiology 2010; 17(1): 33-8.
59. Reisi P, Alaei H, Babri S, Sharifi MR, Mohaddes G. Effects of treadmill running on spatial learning and memory in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neurosci Lett 2009; 455(2): 79-83.
60. Hosseini M, Alaei HA, Naderi A, Sharifi MR, Zahed R. Treadmill exercise reduces self-administration of morphine in male rats. Pathophysiology 2009; 16(1): 3-7.
61. Haghighi SK, Mahdavi V, Reza M, Reisi P, Alaei H. The Effects of Mid-Term Running Activity on Passive Avoidance Learning and Memory in Opioid Addicted Rats. JIMS 2009; 27(99).
62. Radahmadi M, Alaei H, Sharifi MR, Hosseini N. Effect of forced exercise and exercise withdrawal on memory, serum and hippocampal corticosterone levels in rats. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233(10): 2789-99.
63. Jafary L, Reisi P, Naghsh N. Effects of fluoxetine on memory under forced treadmill exercise conditions in male rats. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4: 235.
64. Shamsaei N, Abdi H,Rezaei Sha,Slehipoor M. The Effect of 4 Weeks of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Impairment and Motor Dysfunction in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Rats. Sport Biosciences 2017; 9(2): 43-257. [in Persian]
65. Sng E, Frith E, Loprinzi PD. Temporal effects of acute walking exercise on learning and memory function. Am J Health Promot 2018; 32(7): 1518-1525.
66. Pontifex MB, Hillman CH, Fernhall B, Thompson KM, Valentini TA. The effect of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on working memory. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41(4): 927-34.
67. Lambourne K, Tomporowski P. The effect of exercise-induced arousal on cognitive task performance: a meta-regression analysis. Brain Res 2010; 1341: 12-24.
68. Hung TM, Tsai CL, Chen FT, Wang CC, Chang YK. The immediate and sustained effects of acute exercise on planning aspect of executive function. Psychol Sport Exerc 2013; 14(5): 728-36.
69. Chang Y-K, Chi L, Etnier JL, Wang C-C, Chu C-H, Zhou C. Effect of acute aerobic exercise on cognitive performance: Role of cardiovascular fitness. Psychol Sport Exerc 2014; 15(5): 464-70.
70. Drollette ES, Scudder MR, Raine LB, Moore RD, Saliba BJ, Pontifex MB, et al. Acute exercise facilitates brain function and cognition in children who need it most: an ERP study of individual differences in inhibitory control capacity. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 7: 53-64.
71. Piepmeier AT, Shih CH, Whedon M, Williams LM, Davis ME, Henning DA, et al. The effect of acute exercise on cognitive performance in children with and without ADHD. J Sport Health Sci 2015; 4(1): 97-104.
72. Zakoy A, Valipoor A, Banihashei Emamgheysi M, Bijani B, Esazade R. The Effect of Pilates Exercises on Serum BDNF Level in Elderly Men. J Sport Bioscience 2015; 7(4): 88-675. [in Persian]
73. van Dongen EV, Kersten IH, Wagner IC, Morris RG, Fernández G. Physical exercise performed four hours after learning improves memory retention and increases hippocampal pattern similarity during retrieval. Current Biology 2016; 26(13): 1722-7.
74. Taati M, Moghaddasi M, Esmaeili M, Pourkhodadad S, Nayebzadeh H. The role of the central histaminergic receptors in the exercise-induced improvements of the spatial learning and memory in rats. Brain Res 2014; 1587: 112-8.
75. McEwen BS, Gianaros PJ. Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1186(1): 190-222.
76. Akhavan M, Emami-Abarghoie M, Safari M, Sadighi-Moghaddam B, Vafaei A, Bandegi A, et al. Serotonergic and noradrenergic lesions suppress the enhancing effect of maternal exercise during pregnancy on learning and memory in rat pups. Neuroscience 2008; 151(4): 1173-83.
77. Bijeh N, Saeedy M, Rahimi M, Rasul G. Aerobic fitness and its relationship to memory function and academic achievement: A review of evidence. Iran J Ergon 2015; 3(2): 22-34.
78. Sinaei M, Kargarfard M. The evaluation of BMI and serum beta-endorphin levels: the study of acute exercise intervention. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2015; 55(5): 488-94.
79. Sinaei M, Kargarfard M, Talebi A, Sharifirad GR, Arbzade A. The Effects of An Acute Running Exercise Training Session on Changes in Serum Beta-Endorphin and Cortisol Levels among Male Sprint Runners. JRMS 2012; 29(166).
80. Sinaei M, Kargarfard M, Sharifi GR, Rouzbahani R, Arabzadeh A. The Effect of an Acute Swim Exercise Training Session on Changes in Serum Beta-endorphin and Cortisol Levels in Male Sprint Swimmers. JRMS 2011; 29(136).
81. Veening JG, Barendregt HP. The effects of Beta-Endorphin: state change modification. Fluids Barriers CNS 2015; 12(1): 3.
82. van Ree JM. Neuropeptides and psychopathology. J controlled release 1994; 29(3): 307-15.
83. Klintsova AY, Hamilton GF, Boschen KE. Long-term consequences of developmental alcohol exposure on brain structure and function: therapeutic benefits of physical activity. Brain Sci 2012;3(1):1-38.
84. Rivelli CM. Depression Post-Myocardial Infarction: Primary Care Recognition and Management to Decrease Mortality.JNR 2012.
85. Garcia PC, Real CC, Ferreira AF, Alouche SR, Britto LR, Pires RS. Different protocols of physical exercise produce different effects on synaptic and structural proteins in motor areas of the rat brain. Brain Res 2012; 1456: 36-48.
86. Herting M. 9 Exercise Effects in Cognition and Motor Learning. The Exercise Effect on Mental Health: Neurobiological Mechanisms 2018.
87. Radák Z, Kaneko T, Tahara S, Nakamoto H, Pucsok J, Sasvári M, et al. Regular exercise improves cognitive function and decreases oxidative damage in rat brain. Neurochem Int 2001;38(1):17-23.
88. Panta V, Sundriyalb R. Nutritional, and therapeutic efficacy of Stinging Nettle- A review Photon 2016; 126: 1240-54.
89. Hopkins ME, Nitecki R, Bucci DJ. Physical exercise during adolescence versus adulthood: differential effects on object recognition memory and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Neuroscience 2011; 194: 84-94.
90. Sim YJ, Kim SS, Kim JY, Shin MS, Kim CJ. Treadmill exercise improves short-term memory by suppressing ischemia-induced apoptosis of neuronal cells in gerbils. Neurosci Lett 2004; 372(3): 256-61.
91. DiCarlo SE, Zheng H, Collins HL, Rodenbaugh DW, Patel KP. Daily exercise normalizes the number of diaphorase (NOS) positive neurons in the hypothalamus of hypertensive rats. Brain Res 2002; 955(1-2): 153-60.
92. Lee MH, Shin MS, Sim YJ, Kim H, Lee HH, Kim CJ, et al. Treadmill exercise enhances nitric oxide synthase expression in the hippocampus of food-deprived rats. Nutr Res 2005; 25(8): 771-9.
93. Naylor AS, Persson AI, Eriksson PS, Jonsdottir IH, Thorlin T. Extended voluntary running inhibits exercise-induced adult hippocampal progenitor proliferation in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Neurophysiol 2005; 93(5): 2406-14.
94. You JM, Yun SJ, Nam KN, Kang C, Won R, Lee EH. Mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced oxidative stress in rat hippocampal slice cultures. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87(6): 440-7.
95. Kiraly MA, Kiraly SJ. The effect of exercise on hippocampal integrity: review of recent research. Int J Psychiatry Med 2005;35(1):75-89.
96. Drapeau E, Mayo W, Aurousseau C, Le Moal M, Piazza PV, Abrous DN. Spatial memory performances of aged rats in the water maze predict levels of hippocampal neurogenesis. PNAS 2003; 100(24): 14385-90.
97. Pham K, Nacher J, Hof PR, McEwen BS. Repeated restraint stress suppresses neurogenesis and induces biphasic PSA‐NCAM expression in the adult rat dentate gyrus. EJN 2003; 17(4): 879-86.
98. Conrad CD. A critical review of chronic stress effects on spatial learning and memory. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34(5): 742-55.
99. Sapolsky RM. Stress and plasticity in the limbic system. Neurochem Res 2003; 28(11): 1735-42.
100. Kamijo K, Nishihira Y, Sakai T, Higashiura T, Kim SR,Tanaka K. Effects of a 12-week walking program on cognitive function in older adults. Adv Exercise Sports Physiol 2007; 13(2): 31-9.
101. Hajisoltani R, Rashidy-Pour A, Vafaei AA, Ghaderdoost B, Bandegi AR, Motamedi F. The glucocorticoid system is required for the voluntary exercise-induced enhancement of learning and memory in rats. Behav Brain Res 2011; 219(1): 75-81.
102. Bherer L, Erickson KI, Liu-Ambrose T. A review of the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognitive and brain functions in older adults. J Aging Res 2013; 1-8.
103. Kim BS, Kim MY, Leem YH. Hippocampal neuronal death induced by kainic acid and restraint stress is suppressed by exercise. Neuroscience 2011; 194: 291-301.
104. Latimer CS, Searcy JL, Bridges MT, Brewer LD, Popović J, Blalock EM, et al. Reversal of glial and neurovascular markers of unhealthy brain aging by exercise in middle-aged female mice. PloS One 2011; 6(10): e26812.
105. Ding YH, Li J, Zhou Y, Rafols JA, Clark JC, Ding Y. Cerebral angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic factors in aging rats after exercise. Curr Neurovasc Res 2006; 3(1): 15-23.
106. Fleenor BS, Marshall KD, Durrant JR, Lesniewski LA, Seals DR. Arterial stiffening with ageing is associated with transforming growth factor‐β1‐related changes in adventitial collagen: reversal by aerobic exercise. J Physiol 2010; 588(20): 3971-82.
107. Kwak HB, Kim Jh, Joshi K, Yeh A, Martinez DA, Lawler JM. Exercise training reduces fibrosis and matrix metalloproteinase dysregulation in the aging rat heart. FASEB J 2011; 25(3): 1106-17.
108. Caraci F, Battaglia G, Bruno V, Bosco P, Carbonaro V, Giuffrida ML, et al. TGF‐β1 pathway as a new target for neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2011; 17(4): 237-49.
109. Carro E, Trejo JL, Busiguina S, Torres-Aleman I. Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates the protective effects of physical exercise against brain insults of different etiology and anatomy. J Neurosci 2001; 21(15): 5678-84.
110. Fabel K, Fabel K, Tam B, Kaufer D, Baiker A, Simmons N, et al. VEGF is necessary for exercise‐induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18(10): 2803-12.
111. Lloyd PG, Prior BM, Yang HT, Terjung RL. Angiogenic growth factor expression in rat skeletalmuscle in response to exercise training. AJP-Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 284(5): H1668-H78.
112. Tofighi A, Dehkordi AJ, Tartibian B, Shourabeh FF, Sinaei M. Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Concurrent Training on Secretion of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Elderly Women. JRMS 2012; 30(184).
113. Lopez-Lopez C, LeRoith D, Torres-Aleman I. Insulin-like growth factor I is required for vessel remodeling in the adult brain. PNAS 2004; 101(26): 9833-8.
114. Loprinzi PD, Frith E. A brief primer on the mediational role of BDNF in the exercise‐memory link. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2019; 39(1): 9-14.
115. Kennedy G, Hardman RJ, Macpherson H, Scholey AB, Pipingas A. How does exercise reduce the rate of age-associated cognitive decline? A review of potential mechanisms. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 55(1): 1-18.
Send email to the article author

Add your comments about this article
Your username or Email:

CAPTCHA


XML   Persian Abstract   Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Sinaei M, Nazem F, Alaei H, Talebi A. The role of aerobic exercise training patterns on learning function and memory performance: A review article. Feyz 2019; 23 (5) :563-577
URL: http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-3823-en.html


Creative Commons License
This open access journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial ۴.۰ International License. CC BY-NC ۴. Design and publishing by Kashan University of Medical Sciences.
Copyright ۲۰۲۳© Feyz Medical Sciences Journal. All rights reserved.
Volume 23, Issue 5 (Bimonthly 2019) Back to browse issues page
مجله علوم پزشکی فیض Feyz Medical Sciences Journal
Persian site map - English site map - Created in 0.05 seconds with 45 queries by YEKTAWEB 4645